Organic Molecule

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inorganic molecule

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non-carbon-based molecule

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hydrocarbon:

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organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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functional group

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group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules

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hydrophilic

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attracts water molecules

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monomer

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small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule

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polymer

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long chain of small molecular units (monomers)

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carbohydrate:

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organic compound made of sugar molecules

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monosaccharide

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sugar containing one sugar unit

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disaccharide:

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sugar containing two monosaccharides

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polysaccharide

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long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers

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starch

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polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers

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glycogen:

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polysaccharide in animal cells that consists of many glucose monomers

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cellulose:

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polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

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lipid:

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one of a class of water-avoiding compounds

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hydrophobic

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avoids water molecules

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fat

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organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids

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saturated fat

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fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

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unsaturated fat:

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fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chains

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steroid:

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lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings

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cholesterol:

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steroid molecule present in the plasma membranes of animal cells

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protein

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polymer constructed from a set of 20 amino acid monomers

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amino acid:

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monomer that makes up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups

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polypeptide:

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chain of linked amino acids

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denaturation

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loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

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activation energy

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minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction

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catalyst

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agent that speeds up chemical reactions

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enzyme

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specialized protein that catalyzes the chemical reactions of a cell

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substrate

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specific reactant acted on by an enzyme

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active site

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region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits