Organic Chemistry - Liquids: Distillation And Boiling Points

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simple distillation

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a method of separating mixtures in which vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser

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fractional distillation

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the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the compound will vaporize

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steam distillation

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a method of separating mixtures by introducing vaporized water, which depresses the boiling points of the compounds, allowing them to evaporate at lower temperatures

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vacuum distillation

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a method of distillation whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced to less than its vapor pressure causing evaporation of the most volatile liquid(s)

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dynamic equilibrium

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exists once a reversible reaction ceases to change its ratio of reactants/products, but substances move between the chemicals at an equal rate, meaning there is no net change

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equilibrium vapor pressure

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the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases at a given temperature in a closed system

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total pressure

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the sum of each gas's partial pressure

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Dalton's law of partial pressures

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the total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases

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boiling point

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the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor

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normal boiling point

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the special case in which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea level, 1 atm

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pure liquid

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generally boils at a constant temperature or over a narrow temperature range, provided the total pressure of the system remains constant

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mixture

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a material system made up of two or more substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically; boil over a fairly wide range

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head temperature

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the temperature read on the thermometer

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pot temperature

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will be elevated if the vapor pressure of a solution decreases

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Raoult's Law

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the vapor pressure of an ideal solution is directly dependent on the vapor pressure of each chemical component and the mole fraction of component present in the solution

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mole fraction

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the fraction of all molecules present in the liquid mixture that are molecules of a particular compound

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ideal solution

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solution in which the interactions between like molecules are the same as those between unlike molecules

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liquid line

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the lower line in a temperature vs. composition curve; gives the boiling points of all mixtures between two compounds

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vapor line

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the upper curve in a temperature vs. composition graph; the composition of the vapor phase in equilibrium with the boiling liquid phase at the same temperature

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fractional distillation column

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an essential item used in the distillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the mixtures into its component parts based on the differences in their volatilities

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minimum-boiling azeotrope

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a mixture of two or more liquids in such a way that its components cannot be altered by simple distillation; has a constant boiling point because the vapor in equilibrium with the liquid has a composition identical to that of the liquid itself

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theoretical plate

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a hypothetical zone or stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phases of a substance, establish equilibrium with each other

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height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP)

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the vertical length of a column that is necessary to obtain a separation efficiency of one theoretical plate

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hold-up

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the condensate that remains in a column during and after distillation

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temperature gradient

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the difference in temperature between the top and bottom of the column

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flooded column

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a "plug" of liquid that may be observed within the distillation column, often at the joint between it and the stillpot

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reflux ratio

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the ratio of the amount of condensate returning to the stillpot and the amount of vapor removed as distillate per unit time

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plateau

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two will be observed in the fractional distillation of a typical binary mixture, with regard to temperature

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immiscible

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two or more substances that do not form a solution when mixed

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stereoisomers

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isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but that differ only in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space

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diastereomers

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stereoisomers that are not enantiomers

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geometric isomers

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a form of stereoisomerism describing the relative orientation of functional groups within a molecule

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defense pheromone

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volatile pheromone that usually forms a specific odor and is focused on alarm sensitivity