Organic Chemistry Ch 12

Front 1

reaction results in:
an increase in the number of C-Z bonds
a decrease in the number of C-H bonds

Back 1

oxidation

Front 2

reaction results in either:
a decrease in the number of C-Z bonds
an increase in the number of C-H bonds

Back 2

reduction

Front 3

catalytic hydrogenation
what reagents are used?

Back 3

H2
Pd, Pt, or Ni

Front 4

catalytic hydrogenation
what type of addition occurs?

Back 4

syn addition

Front 5

catalytic hydrogenation
increasing alkyl substitution on the C=C ______ the rate of reaction

Back 5

decreases

Front 6

reduction of alkynes with Pd-C and 2 H2 results in...

Back 6

two equivalents of H2 added and four new C-H bonds are formed

Front 7

reducing alkynes with H2 and lindlar catalyst results in...

Back 7

syn addition occurs, forming a cis alkene
lindlar catalyst is deactivated so that the reaction stops after one equivalent of H2 has been added

Front 8

reducing alkynes with Na and NH3 results in...

Back 8

anti addition of H2 occurs, forming a trans alkene

Front 9

reduction of alkyl halides
what reagents are used?

Back 9

LiAlH4, H20

Front 10

reduction of alkyl halides
what mechanism is followed?

Back 10

SN2 mechanism

Front 11

reduction of alkyl halides
increased substitution has what effect on reaction speed?

Back 11

decreased speed with increased substitution

Front 12

reduction of epoxides
what reagents are used?

Back 12

LiAlH4, H20

Front 13

reduction of epoxides
what mechanism is followed?

Back 13

Sn2

Front 14

reduction of epoxides
when working with unsymmetrical epoxides, what carbon does H- from LiAlH4 attack?

Back 14

the less substituted carbon

Front 15

reduction of epoxides
what type of molecule results?

Back 15

alcohol

Front 16

reduction of alkyl halides
what type of molecule results?

Back 16

alkane

Front 17

oxidation of alkenes
epoxidation
what reagent is used?

Back 17

RCO3H

Front 18

oxidation of alkenes
anti dihydroxylation
what reagents are used?

Back 18

1. RCO3H
2. H2O (H+ or OH-)

Front 19

oxidation of alkenes
syn dihydroxylation
what reagents are used?

Back 19

1. OsO4; 2. NaHSO3, H20
or
1. OsO4, NMO; 2. NaHSO3, H20
or
KMnO4, H2O, HO-

Front 20

oxidative cleavage
what reagents are used?

Back 20

1. O3
2. Zn, H2O or CH3SCH3

Front 21

oxidation of alkenes
epoxidation
how many steps does the mechanism have?

Back 21

1

Front 22

oxidation of alkenes
epoxidation
what type of addition occurs?

Back 22

syn addition of an O atom

Front 23

oxidation of alkenes
epoxidation
what is the resulting molecule?

Back 23

epoxide

Front 24

oxidation of alkenes
anti dihydroxylation
in what fashion are the two OH groups added?

Back 24

anti fashion

Front 25

oxidation of alkenes
anti dihydroxylation
what is the resulting molecule

Back 25

a 1,2 - diol

Front 26

oxidation of alkenes
syn dihydroxylation
each reagent adds two new C-O bonds to the C=C in a ____ fashion

Back 26

syn

Front 27

oxidation of alkenes
syn dihydroxylation
what is the resulting molecule

Back 27

1,2-diol

Front 28

oxidation of alkenes
oxidative cleavage
both the pi and sigma bonds of the alkene are cleaved to form two _____ groups

Back 28

carbonyl

Front 29

oxidation of alkenes
oxidative cleavage
what two molecules result?

Back 29

ketones and aldehydes

Front 30

oxidative cleavage of alkynes
what bonds of the alkyne are cleaved?

Back 30

both the sigma and pi bonds

Front 31

oxidation of alkenes
epoxidation
how many steps does the mechanism have?

Back 31

1

Front 32

oxidation of alkenes
epoxidation
what type of addition occurs?

Back 32

syn addition of an O atom

Front 33

oxidation of alkenes
epoxidation
what is the resulting molecule?

Back 33

epoxide

Front 34

oxidation of alkenes
anti dihydroxylation
in what fashion are the two OH groups added?

Back 34

anti fashion

Front 35

oxidation of alkenes
anti dihydroxylation
what is the resulting molecule

Back 35

a 1,2 - diol

Front 36

oxidation of alkenes
syn dihydroxylation
each reagent adds two new C-O bonds to the C=C in a ____ fashion

Back 36

syn

Front 37

oxidation of alkenes
syn dihydroxylation
what is the resulting molecule

Back 37

1,2-diol

Front 38

oxidation of alkenes
oxidative cleavage
both the pi and sigma bonds of the alkene are cleaved to form two _____ groups

Back 38

carbonyl

Front 39

oxidation of alkenes
oxidative cleavage
what two molecules result?

Back 39

ketones and aldehydes

Front 40

oxidative cleavage of alkynes
what bonds of the alkyne are cleaved?

Back 40

both the sigma and pi bonds

Front 41

oxidative cleavage of alkynes
what reagents are used?

Back 41

O3 and H20

Front 42

oxidative cleavage of alkynes
what molecules result in internal alkynes? external?

Back 42

internal: carboxylic acids
external: carboxylic acid and CO2

Front 43

oxidation of alcohols
1* alcohol
what reagent is used to produce aldehydes?

Back 43

PCC or HCrO4-

Front 44

oxidation of alcohols
1* alcohol
what reagent is used to produce carboxylic acids?

Back 44

CrO3, H2SO4, H2O

Front 45

oxidation of alcohols
2* alcohol
what reagent is used?

Back 45

PCC or CrO3 or HCrO4-

Front 46

oxidation of alcohols
2* alcohol
what is the resulting molecule?

Back 46

ketone

Front 47

reductions with Na in NH3 are called

Back 47

dissolving metal reductions

Front 48

usually animal in origin, are solids with triacylglycerols having few degrees of unsaturation

Back 48

fats

Front 49

usually vegetable in origin, are liquids with triacylglycerols having a larger number of degrees of unsaturation

Back 49

oils