Ib Hl Organic Chemistry

Front 1

Catenation

Back 1

Carbon's ability to link itself to form chains and rings

Front 2

Functional Groups

Back 2

Used to classify molecules and enables chemists to predict and explain the characteristic reactions of organic compounds. Functional groups include: alkenes, alkanes, esters, carboxylic acids etc.

Front 3

Saturated

Back 3

Compound which contains only single bonds

For example: alkanes

Front 4

Unsaturated

Back 4

Compounds which contain double or triple bonds

For example: alkenes, arenes

Front 5

Aliphatics

Back 5

Compounds which do not contain a benzene ring; may be saturated or unsaturated

For example; alkanes, alkenes

Front 6

Arenes

Back 6

Compounds which contain a benzene ring; they are all unsaturated compounds

For example: benzene, phenol

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Electrophile (electron-seeking)

Back 7

-An electron-deficient species which is therefore attracted to parts of molecules which are electron rich.

-Electrophiles are positive ions or have a partial positive charge.

-For example: NO2+, H+, Br delta+

Front 8

Nucleophile (nucleus-seeking)

Back 8

-An electron-rich species which is therefore attracted to parts of molecules which are electron deficient

-Nucleophiles have a lone pair of electrons and may also have a negative charge

-For example: Cl-, OH-, NH3

Front 9

Addition reaction

Back 9

-Occurs when two reactants combine to form a single product

-Characteristic of unsaturated compounds

-For example:

Ethene + Bromine ----> 1,2- dibromoethane

Front 10

Substitution reaction

Back 10

-Occurs when one atom or group of atoms in a compound is replaced by a different atom or group

-Characteristic of saturated compounds and aromatic compounds

-For example:

Methane + Chlorine ----> chloromethane + hydrochloric acid

Front 11

Elimination reaction

Back 11

-Occurs when a small molecule is lost from a larger compound

-Usually results in the formation of a double or triple bond

-For example:

Ethanol -----> ethene + water

Front 12

Dehydration reaction

Back 12

-When the molecule eliminated is water, the reaction is a dehydration reaction

Front 13

Addition-elimination reaction

Back 13

-Occurs when two reactants join together (addition) and in the process a small molecule such as H2O, HCl, or NH3 is lost (elimination)

-Reaction occurs between a functional group in each reactant

-Also called a condensation reaction

-For example:

RNH2+ R'COOH ----> R'CONHR + water

Front 14

Homolytic fission (type of bond breaking/fission)

Back 14

-When a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of electrons equally between the two products

-Produces two free radicals each with an unpaired electron

X-X ---> X. + X.

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Heterolytic fission (type of bond breaking/fission)

Back 15

-When a covalent bond breaks with both the shared electrons going to one of the products

-Produces two oppositely charged ions

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Curly arrow

Back 16

-Convention adopted for showing the movement of electrons within bonds and between reactants.

-Drawn from the site of electron availability, to the site of electron deficiency.

Front 17

Leaving group

Back 17

-An atom or group of atoms that detach as the result of a mechanism that involves several steps.

Front 18

Homologous series

Back 18

-The families that organic compounds are classified into.

-The members of a homologous series possess certain common features.

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Alcohols

Back 19

A homologous series that possesses the functional group -OH.

Front 20

Carboxylic acids

Back 20

A homologous series that possesses the functional group -COOH.

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Nonmenclature

Back 21

The specific name given to a molecule

Front 22

Empirical formula

Back 22

The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms it contains.

For example, C2H6 has the EF of CH3

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Molecular formula

Back 23

The actual number of atoms of each element present.

For example ethane, C2H2.

Front 24

Structural formula

Back 24

A representation of the molecule showing the atoms are bonded to each other.

Front 25

Full structural formula (graphic or displayed formula)

Back 25

-Shows every bond and every atom

-Usually 90 and 180 degree angles are included

Front 26

Condensed structural formula

Back 26

-Omits bonds where they can be assumed and groups atoms together

-Only one possible structure that can be described by this formula

Front 27

Stereochemical formula

Back 27

-Attempts to show the relative positions of atoms and groups around carbon in 3D.

-Bond angles are included.

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Alkyl

Back 28

-A hydrocarbon

Front 29

R

Back 29

-The abbreviated form of an alkyl

Front 30

Aromatic compounds

Back 30

-Compounds that contain a benzene ring

Front 31

Primary amides

Back 31

-Amides that just have an NH2 group.

Front 32

Secondary amides

Back 32

-Substituted amide where one alkyl group is bonded to the nitrogen

Front 33

Tertiary amides

Back 33

-Substituted amide where two alkyl groups are bonded to the nitrogen

Front 34

Primary amine

Back 34

-Amine with only an NH2 group

Front 35

Secondary amine

Back 35

-Substituted amine with nitrogen bonded to one alkyl group

Front 36

Tertiary amine

Back 36

-Substituted amine with two alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen

Front 37

Substituents

Back 37

-Side chains or functional groups in addition to the one used as the suffix

Front 38

Prefix

Back 38

-Substituents are given the first part or prefix of the name

Front 39

Structural isomers

Back 39

-Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the atoms

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Primary carbon atom

Back 40

-Attached to the functional group and also to at least two hydrogens

Front 41

Secondary carbon atom

Back 41

-Attached to the functional group and to one hydrogen and two alkyl groups

Front 42

Tertiary carbon atom

Back 42

-Attached to the functional group and three alkyl groups

Front 43

Hydrocarbon skeleton

Back 43

-A framework consisting of carbon and hydrogen only

Front 44

Saturated hydrocarbons

Back 44

Hydrocarbons with only single carbon-carbon bonds.

Front 45

Fossil fuels

Back 45

-Alkanes are widely used as fossil fuels because they release a lot of energy

-Fossil fuels are fuels that have been buried underground for millions of years

Front 46

Greenhouse gases

Back 46

Gases that get trapped in our atmosphere and heat up the planet

Front 47

Global dimming

Back 47

The issue with gases in the atmosphere that create smog and block light.

Front 48

Free radical

Back 48

Atom that has an unpaired electron

Front 49

Reaction mechanism

Back 49

the sequence of steps of a reaction

Front 50

Homolytic fission

Back 50

Equal split of the shared pair of electrons between two atoms

Front 51

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Back 51

Hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond

Front 52

Hydrogenation

Back 52

The addition of hydrogen to a compound

Front 53

Trans fats

Back 53

Hydrogenated fats

Front 54

Hydration

Back 54

A reaction between alkenes water, which produces alcohols

Front 55

Polymers

Back 55

Long chains of alkenes

Front 56

Monomer

Back 56

The alkene used in the reaction to form the polymer. aka the single unit

Front 57

Polyethene

Back 57

The polymerization of ethene

Front 58

PVC

Back 58

(poly vinyl chloride)

Front 59

Dioxins

Back 59

toxic by-products

Front 60

aldehyde

Back 60

RCOH

Front 61

Carboxylic acid

Back 61

RCOOH

Front 62

reflux condensor

Back 62

Apparatus used in the oxidation of alcohols

Front 63

ketone

Back 63

RCOR

Front 64

Electron deficient

Back 64

When a atom gains a partial positive charge

Front 65

Nucleophiles

Back 65

Reactants that are themselves electron rich and hence are attracted to a region of electron deficiency

Front 66

Substitution nucleophilic

Back 66

SN

Substitution of halogen in a halogenoalkane by the nucleophile

Front 67

Heterolytic fission

Back 67

Type of bond breakage where both shared electrons go to one of the atoms

Uneven split

Front 68

Leaving group

Back 68

The group being substituted

Front 69

Transition state

Back 69

The middle state in a reaction before the product is made

Carbocation is unstable

Occurs in SN1 and SN2

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Bimolecular (SN2)

Back 70

A reaction in which the mechanism is dependent on two molecules in the slow step of the reaction.

Front 71

Steric hindrance

Back 71

bulky groups make it difficult for an incoming group to attack the central carbon atom

Front 72

carbocation

Back 72

carbon with a temporary positive charge

Front 73

positive inductive effect

Back 73

R groups around a carbocation donate electrons and stabilise the carbocation

Front 74

unimolecular (SN1)

Back 74

One molecule in the slow part of the reaction

Front 75

Cyanide ion

Back 75

CN-

Front 76

Elimination

Back 76

Reaction that involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger molecule.

Front 77

Elimination bimolecular (E2)

Back 77

Two species take part in the only step of the reaction

Front 78

Elimination unimolecular (E1)

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One species in the slow step of the elimination reaction

Front 79

Condensation polymer

Back 79

Polymers where the monomers must each have functional groups which can be considered as two active ends of the molecule.

Example: Kevlar, nylon and PET.

Front 80

Esterification

Back 80

Carboxylic acid + alcohol -------> ester + water

Front 81

Triglycerides

Back 81

Fats that contain three ester links

Front 82

Polyester

Back 82

The esterification can lead to polymerization when the acid has two -COOH groups and the alcohol two -OH groups.

Front 83

Peptide bond

Back 83

Two amino acids that react together in a certain way to form an amide link aka a peptide bond.

Front 84

dipeptide

Back 84

Product of the link of two amino acids.

Front 85

Polypeptides

Back 85

Amino acid condensation polyumers

Front 86

Proteins

Back 86

Evolution of polypeptides.

One of the most important molecules in biology

Front 87

Polyamides

Back 87

Polymers that contain the amide link

Front 88

Reaction pathway

Back 88

Linking reactions in several steps

Front 89

Stereoisomerism

Back 89

Isomers that have atoms attached together in the same order, but differ from each other in their spatial arrangement.

Front 90

Geometric isomers

Back 90

Isomers where there are two different groups attached to each of the two carbon atoms that have restricted rotation, which gives rise to two different three-dimensional arrangements of the atoms known as geometrical isomers.

Front 91

Cis-

Back 91

refers to the isomer that has the same groups on the same side of the double bond or ring

Front 92

Trans-

Back 92

isomer that has the same groups on opposite sides or across the point of restricted rotation

Front 93

Asymmetric/Chiral carbon atom)

Back 93

A carbon atom attached to four different atoms or groups

Front 94

Optical isomerism

Back 94

The four groups arranged tetrahedrally around the carbon atom with bond angles of 109.5, can be arranged in two different three-dimensional configurations which are mirror images of each other.

Term refers to the ways in which the isomers interact with plane-polarized light.

Front 95

Chiral molecules

Back 95

Molecules with no plane of symmetry.

Front 96

Non-superimposable

Back 96

When things do not line up.

Like when you put your hands on top of each other.

Non-superimposable molecules are mirror images of each other.

Front 97

Enantiomers

Back 97

Two non-superimposable forms

(think Optical Isomers)

Front 98

Racemic mixture or racemate

Back 98

A mixture containing equal amounts of two enantiomers. (i.e. 50-50)

Front 99

Polarizer

Back 99

A device where only the light waves oscillating in a single plane pass through, while light waves in all other planes are blocked out.

Front 100

Plane-polarized light

Back 100

The light coming out of a polarizer

Front 101

Polarimeter

Back 101

An instrument that measures the amount and direction of the rotation of plane-polarized light when it passes through a chiral compound (Optical isomer) solution.

Front 102

Resolution

Back 102

The method of separating (+) and (-) enantiomers by creating different products that have different physical and chemical properties.

Front 103

Asymmetric synthesis

Back 103

The manufacture of a single enantiomer using a chiral catalyst.