Orbits & Lacrimal Apparatus

Front 1

1. What is exopthalmos?

Back 1

1. Protusion of eyeball, possibly due to bleeding putting pressure on the eyeball

Front 2

What passes through the following foramen?
1. Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina?
2. Optic Canal/Foramen

Back 2

1. Anterior/Posterior ethmoid n and vessels
2. Optic n CN II, Opthalmic a, sympathetic n plexus surrounding opthalmic a

Front 3

What passes through the following foramen?
1. Superior orbital fissure
2. Inferior orbital fissure

Back 3

1. Oculomotor nerve CN III; Trochlear n IV; Opthalmic division of CN V(1); Abducent n VI, Opthalmic v
2. Maxillary division of V(2)(zygomatic and infraorbital n) & Infraorbital vessels

Front 4

What passes through the following foramen?
1. Supraorbital foramen or notch
2. Infraorbital foramen

Back 4

1. Supraorbital a from ophthalmic a & Supraorbital n of V(1)
2. Infraorbital n V(2), infraorbital vessels

Front 5

What passes through the following foramen?
1. Zygomaticofacial foramen
2. Lacrimal Foramen

Back 5

1. Zygomaticofacial n V (2)
2. Communicating a between middle meningeal a and lacrimal a

Front 6

1. What is the nasolacrimal canal an entrance to?

Back 6

1. Nasal cavity, makes nose run when you cry

Front 7

1. What sinus is below the orbit of the eye?
2. What cavity is in between the eyes?

Back 7

1. Maxillary sinus
2. Nasal cavity

Front 8

1. What fascia is posteriorly continuous with the periosteal layer of dura mater and anteriorly continuous with orbital septum at orbital margin?

Back 8

1. Periorbita, also continuous with sheath of optic n II

Front 9

1. What fascia surrounds eyeball, except at the cornea, and is loosely attached to sclera?

Back 9

1. Fascial sheath of eyeball (Bulbar fascia or Tenon's Capsule)

Front 10

1. What fascia surrounds each extraocular m as a tubular sheath?
2. What ligaments comes from this fascia, and what m does each cover?

Back 10

1. Fascial sheath of eyeball (Bulbar)

Check ligament- from lateral & medial recti m to periosteum
Suspensory ligament- around inferior rectus & inferior oblique mm

Front 11

Which ligament of the eye prevents excess medial and lateral movement?

Back 11

Check Ligament from Fascial sheath of eyeball

Front 12

What is:
1. Canthus?
2. Punctum?
3. Commissure

Back 12

1. Angle of eye
2. Opening on lacrimal papilla
3. Angle of eyelids

Front 13

What is:
1. Conjunctiva
2. Lacrimal lake
3. Plica semilunaris
4. Lacrimal caruncle

Back 13

1. Mucus membrane
2. Tear lake between medial canthus and globe of eye
3. Vertical fold of conjunctiva near medial canthus at lacrimal caruncle
4. Fleshy elevation on lacrimal lake

Front 14

What is palpebral?

Back 14

Eyelid

Front 15

What is the o, i, a, n of Levator palpebrae superioris

Skeletal or smooth m?

Back 15

o: Sphenoid superior to optic canal
i: Superior eyelid
a: elevates upper eyelid
n: Oculomotor n CN III

Skeletal

Front 16

What is the o, i, a, n of Superior tarsal m (Muller's palpebral m?)

Skeletal or smooth m?

Back 16

o: inferior surface of levator palpebrae superioris
i: superior margin of tarsal plate
a: hold upper lid in elevated position
n: sympathetic fibers

smooth m

Front 17

1. What palpebral ligament provides the origin of orbicularis oculi?
2. What palpebral fascia is an elongated plate of dense CT
3. What is another name for palpebral fascia?
4. What is a thickening of palpebral fascia?

Back 17

1. Medial palpebral ligament
2. Inferior & superior tarsi
3. Orbital septum
4. Tarsal plate

Front 18

1. What can infection of Meibomian glands lead to?

Back 18

Stys

Front 19

1. What are the 2 glands in the eyelids
2. What type of glands are they?

Back 19

1. Meibomian (Tarsal) glands - modified sebaceous glands; lubricate lid margin

2. Ciliary Glands (of Moll) - modified sweat glands between eyelashes

Front 20

1. What is a mucous membrane that attaches loosely to anterior surface of eyeball and periphery of cornea?

Back 20

Conjunctiva

Front 21

What conjunctiva:
1. Lines eyelid?
2. Covers anterior eyeball
3. Covers jxn of palpebral & bulbar?

Back 21

1. Palpebral conjunctiva
2. bulbar
3. inferior and superior conjunctival fornices

Front 22

1. What produces tears?
2. What is the gland innervated by?
3. What is the lacrimal lake and sac a part of?

Back 22

1. Lacrimal gland
2. Postganglionic parasympathetics from CN III
3. Lacrimal canliculi

Front 23

1. What 2 things make up the fibrous layer of the eyeball
2. What is the fxn of each
3. Which is sensitive to touch?

Back 23

Sclera- opaque, gives shape & resistance, attachment for eye m.
Cornea- transparent; responsible for refraction of light that enters the eye

Cornea is sensitive to touch CN V1

Front 24

1. Is the cornea vascularized?

Back 24

1. No, therefore it is immune privileged

Front 25

What 3 things make up the vascular layer (aka uvea or pigmented layer) of the eye?

Back 25

1. Choroid- between sclera and retina; lines most of retina
2. Ciliary Body- connects choroid with circumference of iris
3. Iris- lies on anterior surface of lens; thin, contractile diaphragm with central aperture (pupil) for transmitting light

Front 26

1. What are the 2 components of the ciliary body?
2. What 2 m control the iris, their n control, and action?

Back 26

1. Ciliary m (attachment for lens); Ciliary processes (secrete aqueous humor)
2. Sphincter pupillae (parasympathetic; closes pupil)
Dilator Pupillae (sympathetic; dilate pupil)

Front 27

1. What are the 2 intrinsic m of the eye?
2. What secretes aqueous humor?

Back 27

1. Sphincter pupillae, Dilator pupillae
2. Ciliary processes

Front 28

1. What is the area of the retina with the highest visual acuity?
2. What is the blind spot?
3. Where does the retina end?
4. What does the retina consist of?

Back 28

1. Fovea centralis (depression in the retina)
2. Optic disc
3. Ora Serrata
4. Rods & cones, ganglion cells

Front 29

1. What is an opacity in the lens?
2. What m contracts during accommodation, relaxing tension on the suspensory ligament and lens?
3. What is presbyopia?

Back 29

1. Cataract
2. Ciliary m
3. Loss of accommodation with age

Front 30

1. What is the fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye?
2. Fluid in the posterior chamber?
3. What connects the 2 chambers?
4. A blockage of this connection could cause what?

Back 30

1. Aqueous humor
2. Vitreous humor
3. Canal of Schlemm
4. Glaucoma

Front 31

What is the o, i, a, n of the 4 rectus m?

Back 31

O: Common tendinous ring
I: sclera anterior to the equator of the globe
A: Sup-moves eye up and in...inf- moves eye down and in...Med-adducts...Lat- Abducts
N: Oculomotor inferior division (Medial and inferior rectus mm) Superior (superior rectus)...Abducens m to Lateral rectus

Front 32

What is the o, i, a, n of the superior oblique m?

Back 32

o: Sphenoid bone
i: Sclera deep to superior rectus m
a: moves eye down and out
n: Trochlear n (CN IV)

Front 33

What is the o, i, a, n of the inferior oblique m?

Back 33

o: anterior part of floor of orbit
i: Sclera deep to lateral rectus m
a: moves eye up and out
n: oculomotor N (III)

Front 34

For the oblique eye m, what is their action?

Each movement of the eye requires at least 2 m...

Back 34

Pull outward & opposite their names

Front 35

From the opthalmic a, what branch
1. travels through optic n II to retina?
2. goes to ciliary body?
3. Goes to choroid layer
4. to ethmoids and frontal sinus?
5. bridge of the nose

Back 35

1. Central retinal a.
2. Long posterior ciliary
3. Short posteior ciliary
4. Posterior ethmoidal a.
5. Dorsal nasal

Front 36

1. What v accompanies the ophthalmic a & communicates with anterior facial v?
2. What v communicates with pterygoid venous plexus through inferior orbital fissure?
3. Where do both of these veins drain to?

Back 36

1. Superior ophthalmic v
2. Inferior ophthalmic v
3. Cavernous sinus - route of infection

Front 37

For the oculomotor n, what m are innervated by?
1. Superior division
2. inferior division?

Back 37

1. Levator palpebrae superioris & superior rectus
2. Medial & inferior rectus; inferior oblique; motor root to ciliary ganglion

Front 38

In the eye, what m is innervated by:
1. Trochlear n
2. Abducens n

Back 38

1. Superior oblique m
2. Lateral rectus m

Front 39

In the eye, what n provides the following senses?
1. Vision

Back 39

1. Optic n

Front 40

What are the 3 subdivisions and further subsections of the opthalmic n of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n?

Back 40

Lacrimal- lacrimal gland, superior eyelid
Frontal
-Supratrochlear-eyelid, nose and scalp
-supraorbital- eyelid and scalp
Nasociliary
-infratrochlear- nose, eyelid, lacrimal sac, and lacrimal caruncle
-Anterior & posterior ethmoidal n

Front 41

1. What is the preganglionic and postganglionic cell body, fiber and target for pupil constriction

Back 41

Preganglionic: Cell body (Edinger-Westphal nucleus) & Fiber (Inferior division of oculomotor (III)
Postganglionic: Cell body (Ciliary ganglion) & Fiber (Short Ciliary)
Target: Ciliary m; sphincter pupillae m

Front 42

What is the preganglionic and postganglionic cell body, fiber and target for pupil dilation

Back 42

Preganglionic: Cell body (IMLCC) & Fiber (White rami communicans)
Postganglionic: Cell body (Superior cervical ganglion) & Fiber (travels on internal carotid a, opthalmic a, short ciliary nn)
Target: Dilator pupillae

Front 43

What is the preganglionic and postganglionic cell body, fiber and target for parasympathetic stimulation of Lacrimal gland

Back 43

Preganglionic: Cell body (Superior salivatory nucleus) & Fiber (Greater petroal n; N of pterygoid canal)
Postganglionic: Cell body (pterygopalatine ganglion) & Fiber (Pterygopalatine, V2, zygomatic communicating branch, lacrimal branch V1)
Target: lacrimal gland

Front 44

What is the preganglionic and postganglionic cell body, fiber and target for sympathetic stimulatino of lacrimal gland

Back 44

Preganglionic: Cell body (IMLCC) & Fiber (White rami communicans)
Postganglionic: Cell body (Superior cervical ganglion) & Fiber (travels on carotid a, deep petrosal n, N of pterygoid canal, V2, zygomatic branch)
Target: Lacrimal gland, superior tarsal m

Front 45

1. What is retinal detachment
2. What is Hyphema

Back 45

1. separation of inner neural retina from outer pigmented epithelium of retina
2. hemorrhage into anterior chamber due to blunt trauma to eye ball

Front 46

1. What will injury to the abducens CN VI cause?
2. What will oculomotor injury cause?

Back 46

1. Adducted pupil
2. down and out pupil, only superior oblique and lateral rectus will still work