Oral Pathology Dh2 Fall Test 1

Front 1

inflammation is characterized by what (what is in it, where does it go first, second)

Back 1

interstital accumulation of fluid
accumulation of leukocytes
- first around injury
then within injury

Front 2

characteristics of acute inflammation

Back 2

short duration
increases vascular permeability
neutrophil infiltration

Front 3

characteristics of chronic inflammation

Back 3

long duration
mononuclear cell infiltration (monocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte)
associated with tissue REPAIR (fibrosis)

Front 4

what are the cells involved in acute inflammation? chronic?

Back 4

acute- neutrophil infiltration
chronic- monocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte

Front 5

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation

Back 5

rubor- redness (erythema)
tumor- swelling (edema)
calor- heat (pyrexia)
dolor- pain (hyperalgesia)
functio laesa- tissue injury/dysfunction

Front 6

what does ITIS mean

Back 6

inflammation!

Front 7

what are the UNDERLYING settings of ACUTE inflammation

Back 7

tissue necrosis (trauma)
bacterial infection
immune (type 1 2 and 3 hypersensititvites)

Front 8

acute inflammation- hemodynamic alterations?

Back 8

blood flow/pressure increase = erythema

Front 9

acute inflammation- effects on venules?

Back 9

increase in vascular permeability
(leaky postcapillary venules)
= edema

Front 10

what causes erythema?

Back 10

vasodilation of PREcapillary arterioles
swelling= edema or accumulation of water in tissues

Front 11

acute inflammation- what cells infiltrate? where do they emigrate through?

Back 11

neutrophil infiltration (PMN)
emigrate through POSTcapillary venules
*pmn= polymorphonuclear leukocyte

Front 12

what are the underlying settings of chronic inflammation

Back 12

persistent tissue insult or injury
repeated bouts of acute inflammation
infection by intracellular parasites
immune- type 4 hypersensitivity, autoimmunity
foreign bodies

Front 13

what cells are in the interstitial fluid of chronic inflammation

Back 13

lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and possible plasma cells
maybe diffuse or focal with perivascular cuffing (around the venule)
*eosinophils= parasitic infection

Front 14

what is a granuloma?
what is granulomatous?

Back 14

granuloma- filled with mononucleated giant cells, epitheliod histeocytes and lymphocytes
granulomatous- adj. describing a granuloma

Front 15

chronic inflammation- describe granulomatous

Back 15

spherical mononuclear cells, central necrosis
epitheliod histeocytes (macrophages) in center
multinucleated ginat cells
outer rim contains lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibrosis

Front 16

what are the morphologic patterns of inflammation

Back 16

serous
fibrinous
suppurative
hemorrhagic
ulcerative
mixed

Front 17

what are the steps (pathophysiology) of inflammation

Back 17

injury
mediator release
target cell receptors
signal transduction
target cell activation
target cell response
pathophys respons
cardinal signs of inflammation

Front 18

what types of injuries are leukocyte mediated

Back 18

apoptosis
necrosis

Front 19

inflammatory tissue injury/dysfunction includes

Back 19

obstruction
leukocyte injury
systemic
fibrosis

Front 20

hemodynamic response involves

Back 20

erythema and increases vascular permeability

Front 21

define 4 modes of target cell activation

Back 21

autocrine- same target cell
paracrine- different target cells in immediate proximity
endocrine- different target cells at distant locations
juxtacrine- two target cells after their adherence to each other

Front 22

what are the sources of inflammatory mediators
cell derived- 7
plasma derived- 4

Back 22

cell- PMN, lymphocytes, monocyte/macrophage, platelets, endothelial cells, mast cells, parenchymal cells
plasma- complement, kallikrein-kinin, coagulation, fibrinolytic

Front 23

describe bradykinin formation

Back 23

activators-> prekallikrein-->kallikrein-->kininogen-->bradykinin

Front 24

describe characteristics of bradykinin

Back 24

vasodilation
increased vascular permeability
pain
endothelial cell stimulation

Front 25

c3b, c3bi--->opsonins

Back 25

c3b, c3bi--> opsonins

Front 26

what are cyclooxygenase AA (arachidonic acid) products

Back 26

PGE2, PGI2, TXA2

Front 27

what are effects of PGE2

Back 27

vasodilation, hyperalgesia (pain), fever, potentiates edema

Front 28

how do NSAIDS work (in regards to AA, COX1,2)

Back 28

nsaids block COX1,2 which blocks PGE2 and all the other pg's

Front 29

how do steroids work?

Back 29

they block PLA2 and AA and cut off allll the stuff

Front 30

what are the cell classifications in regards to proliferative capacity

Back 30

permanent cells- dont divide
stable cells- not continuously dividing but can be stimulated to do so
labile cells- continuously cycling
stem cells- pluripotent precurosrs

Front 31

give examples of different types of proliferating cells

Back 31

labile- epithelial
stable- hepatocytes
permanent- neuron, cardiac

Front 32

what is the difference between cell necrosis and apoptosis

Back 32

necrosis- breakdown of plasma membrane organelles and nucleus, leakage of contents
apoptosis- cell is fragmented into apoptotic bodies and phagocytosized

Front 33

describe the steps of apoptosis

Back 33

cell shrinkage
chromatin condensation
cytoplasmic blebbing
apoptotic body formation
phagocytosis of bodies
= cell death with no inflammation

Front 34

in what instances would be see cell apoptosis (or programmed cell death)

Back 34

morphogenesis/metamorphosis
normal cell aging
hormone growth factor stimulation or withdrawal
mitochondrial cytochrom c release
failed dna repair
tumor regression
cytotoxic ddrugs, ionizing radiation

Front 35

what are some leukocyte responses to inflammation

Back 35

margination and pavementing on vascular endothelium
transendothelial migration (diapedesis, emigration)
chemotaxis through interstitium
phagocytosis, intracellular killing and digestion

Front 36

define tissue regeneration

Back 36

replacement of lost tissue by tissue of same type

Front 37

define tissue REPAIR

Back 37

replacement of lost tissue bye FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE SCAR

Front 38

examples of growth cells

Back 38

labile- epithelial and hematopoietic cells
stable cells- liver and connective tissue
permanent- neurons cardiac skeletal

Front 39

what are the requisite factors of tissue regeneration

Back 39

must be comprised of labile and or stable cells
must be preservation of at least some portion of original tissue
must be preservation of scaffolding of original tissue (extracell matrix)

Front 40

what are the requisite factors of tissue repair

Back 40

always in necrotic tissue containing permanent cells
when there has been extensive tissue necrosis
tissue scaffolding destroyed
chronic inflammation

Front 41

what is granulation tissue

Back 41

highly vascularized loose connective tissue formed during tissue repair that produces typ1 collagen scar

Front 42

what is the sequence of scar formation by granulation tissue

Back 42

type 1 collagen biosynthesis by fibroblasts
extracell secretion of collagen and formation of collagen fibrils
resoprtion of granulation tissue by apoptosis
covalent cross linking of type 1 collagen froming the mature scar