Openstax Biology - Chapter 5 - Structure & Function Of Plasma Membranes

Front 1

active transport

Back 1

method of transporting material that requires energy

Front 2

amphiphilic

Back 2

molecule possessing a polar or charged area and a nonpolar or uncharged area capable of interacting with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments

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antiporter

Back 3

transporter that carries two ions or small molecules in different directions

Front 4

aquaporin channel

Back 4

protein that allows water through the membrane at a very high rate

Front 5

carrier protein

Back 5

membrane protein that moves a substance across the plasma membrane by changing its own shape

Front 6

caveolin

Back 6

protein that coats the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane and participates in the process of liquid update by potocytosis

Front 7

channel protein

Back 7

membrane protein that allows a substance to pass through its hollow core across the plasma membrane

Front 8

clathrin

Back 8

protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for phagocytosis

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concentration gradient

Back 9

area of high concentration adjacent to an area of low concentration diffusion passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material according to its concentration gradient

Front 10

electrochemical gradient

Back 10

gradient produced by the combined forces of an electrical gradient and a chemical gradient

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electrogenic pump

Back 11

pump that creates a charge imbalance

Front 12

endocytosis

Back 12

type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell

Front 13

exocytosis

Back 13

process of passing bulk material out of a cell

Front 14

facilitated transport

Back 14

process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins

Front 15

fluid mosaic model

Back 15

describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids (sugar chains attached to proteins or lipids, respectively), resulting in a fluid character (fluidity)

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glycolipid

Back 16

combination of carbohydrates and lipids

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glycoprotein

Back 17

combination of carbohydrates and proteins

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hydrophilic

Back 18

molecule with the ability to bond with water; “water-loving”

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hydrophobic

Back 19

molecule that does not have the ability to bond with water; “water-hating”

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hypertonic

Back 20

situation in which extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, resulting in water moving out of the cell

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hypotonic

Back 21

situation in which extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, resulting in water moving into the cell

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integral protein

Back 22

protein integrated into the membrane structure that interacts extensively with the hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids and often spans the membrane; these proteins can be removed only by the disruption of the membrane by detergents

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isotonic

Back 23

situation in which the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the fluid inside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water into or out of the cell

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osmolarity

Back 24

total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of solution

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osmosis

Back 25

transport of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the concentration gradient of water across the membrane that results from the presence of solute that cannot pass through the membrane

Front 26

passive transport

Back 26

method of transporting material through a membrane that does not require energy

Front 27

peripheral protein

Back 27

protein found at the surface of a plasma membrane either on its exterior or interior side; these proteins can be removed (washed off of the membrane) by a high-salt wash

Front 28

pinocytosis

Back 28

a variation of endocytosis that imports macromolecules that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid

Front 29

plasmolysis

Back 29

detaching of the cell membrane from the cell wall and constriction of the cell membrane when a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution

Front 30

potocytosis

Back 30

variation of pinocytosis that uses a different coating protein (caveolin) on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

Front 31

primary active transport

Back 31

active transport that moves ions or small molecules across a membrane and may create a difference in charge across that membrane

Front 32

pump

Back 32

active transport mechanism that works against electrochemical gradients

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receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 33

variation of endocytosis that involves the use of specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles, and clathrin-coated pits that become clathrin-coated vesicles

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secondary active transport

Back 34

movement of material that is due to the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport

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selectively permeable

Back 35

characteristic of a membrane that allows some substances through but not others

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solute

Back 36

substance dissolved in a liquid to form a solution

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symporter

Back 37

transporter that carries two different ions or small molecules, both in the same direction

Front 38

tonicity

Back 38

amount of solute in a solution

Front 39

transport protein

Back 39

membrane protein that facilitates passage of a substance across a membrane by binding it

Front 40

transporter

Back 40

specific carrier proteins or pumps that facilitate movement

Front 41

uniporter

Back 41

transporter that carries one specific ion or molecule