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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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X-Ray imaging
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least invasive
least expensive changes in tissue density (breast, bone, lung) |
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Computed Tomography
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gives detailed look at tumor
cross sections of the body very useful with lymph nodes more expensive than x-rays |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) |
tool of choice for head, neck, cranial tumors
expensive, claustrophobic strong magnets (no jewelry) |
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Ultrasonography
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safe, non-invasive
useful in detecting masses in dense tissue such as young woman's breast |
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Nuclear Imaging
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radioactive isotopes have affinity to certain organs (thyroid)
Pt. must be able to drink contrast dye |
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Angiography
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expensive, invasive
radiopaque dye injected into major blood vessel Pt. complications must be considered Can ID a malignancy |
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Direct Visualization
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Sigmoidoscopy
Endoscopy Bronchoscopy prep required (bowel cleanse, NPO, IV sedation) |
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Leukemia
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bone marrow produces too many WBC's
acute: poor prognosis chronic: easier to treat |
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia
(AML) |
Bone marrow produces too many RBC's and platelets (myeloid cells)
very poor prognosis with or without treatment |
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Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
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bone marrow produces too many RBC's and platelets
periods of exasperation and rest "B" symptoms |
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"B" symptoms of leukemia
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night sweats, bleeding, bruising, petechiae, unintentional weight loss
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Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
(ALL) |
bone marrow produces too many immature B lymphocytes
may present with swollen lymh nodes usually under age 15, boys Tx with steroids, antibiotics |
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Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
(AMM) |
only in elderly (65+)
bone marrow scarred and does not produce blood cells no known cause |
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Lymphoma
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problem occurs in the lymph nodes but then spreads
Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin |
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Hodgkin Lymphoma
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Dx by presence of Reed-Sternberg cell
viral etiology suspected painless enlargement of lymph node on one side of neck "B" symptoms and symptoms of organ displacement by tumor |
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non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
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lymph node origin
spread of malignant cells is unpredictable and localized disease is uncommon prognosis varies greatly |
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Multiple Myeloma
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malignant disease of the plasma cell (most mature form of B lymphocyte)
usually elderly person will present with bone pain (low back) and elevated total protein level |
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bleeding disorders
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know lab values and
study bleeding precautions sheet |
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Common S/S of anemia
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fatigue, tachycardia, slow capillary refill, non-adaptaion to temp Cx, ischemia (pain), pallor
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Aplastic Anemia
(Pancytopenia) |
bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells (all)
RBC, WBC, and platelets will be decreased Tx is bone marrow transplant |
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Pernicious Anemia
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cannot absorb B12 from GI tract
special S/S numbness, tingling Tx: B12 supplements and IM injections |
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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d/t hemorrhage, diet, malabsorption of iron
body cannot make enough RBC's w/o iron elderly, preggos foods: leafy greens, organ meats, red meat, beans, molasses (take with Vit. C) |
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Common S/S of anemia
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fatigue, tachycardia, slow capillary refill, non-adaptaion to temp Cx, ischemia (pain), pallor
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Thalessemia
(Cooley's Anemia) |
small RBC's
Special S/S marked fatigue no iron supplement necessary, small cells can't handle it |
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Aplastic Anemia
(Pancytopenia) |
bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells (all)
RBC, WBC, and platelets will be decreased Tx is bone marrow transplant |
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Pernicious Anemia
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cannot absorb B12 from GI tract
special S/S numbness, tingling Tx: B12 supplements and IM injections |
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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d/t hemorrhage, diet, malabsorption of iron
body cannot make enough RBC's w/o iron elderly, preggos foods: leafy greens, organ meats, red meat, beans, molasses (take with Vit. C) |
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Thalessemia
(Cooley's Anemia) |
small RBC's
Special S/S marked fatigue no iron supplement necessary, small cells can't handle it |
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Hemolytic Anemia
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RBC's attacked by antibodies/immune system (autoimmune) or Rh or ABO incompatibility (neonate)
positive Coombs test (umbilical blood) bili level elevated |
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Hemophilia
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pt. deficient in clotting factor VIII
S/S bleeding into joints, GI bleed, epistaxis, coffee ground emesis, brain bleed PTT is prolonged (up) |
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Thrombocytopenia
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not enough platelets
possible causes: meds, genetics, malfunctioning spleen Tx: splenectomy, steroids (to decr. immune system), Igg |
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von Willebrand's Disease
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Type 1,2,3 (1 most common)
very similar to hemophilia but affects more females deficient factor VIII |
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general symptoms of blood-related cancers
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fever, decreased WBC (prolonged infection), alterations in normal blood cell counts, weight loss, bleeding, petichiae
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general treatment of blood-related cancers
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chemotherapy (kills good and bad)
bone marrow transplant (immunosuppressed) steroids to avoid rejection (infection risk) splenectomy (bleeding risk) pneumococcal vaccines |
