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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
X-Ray imaging
|
least invasive
least expensive changes in tissue density (breast, bone, lung) |
|
Computed Tomography
|
gives detailed look at tumor
cross sections of the body very useful with lymph nodes more expensive than x-rays |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) |
tool of choice for head, neck, cranial tumors
expensive, claustrophobic strong magnets (no jewelry) |
|
Ultrasonography
|
safe, non-invasive
useful in detecting masses in dense tissue such as young woman's breast |
|
Nuclear Imaging
|
radioactive isotopes have affinity to certain organs (thyroid)
Pt. must be able to drink contrast dye |
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Angiography
|
expensive, invasive
radiopaque dye injected into major blood vessel Pt. complications must be considered Can ID a malignancy |
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Direct Visualization
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Sigmoidoscopy
Endoscopy Bronchoscopy prep required (bowel cleanse, NPO, IV sedation) |
|
Leukemia
|
bone marrow produces too many WBC's
acute: poor prognosis chronic: easier to treat |
|
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
(AML) |
Bone marrow produces too many RBC's and platelets (myeloid cells)
very poor prognosis with or without treatment |
|
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
|
bone marrow produces too many RBC's and platelets
periods of exasperation and rest "B" symptoms |
|
"B" symptoms of leukemia
|
night sweats, bleeding, bruising, petechiae, unintentional weight loss
|
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Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
(ALL) |
bone marrow produces too many immature B lymphocytes
may present with swollen lymh nodes usually under age 15, boys Tx with steroids, antibiotics |
|
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
(AMM) |
only in elderly (65+)
bone marrow scarred and does not produce blood cells no known cause |
|
Lymphoma
|
problem occurs in the lymph nodes but then spreads
Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin |
|
Hodgkin Lymphoma
|
Dx by presence of Reed-Sternberg cell
viral etiology suspected painless enlargement of lymph node on one side of neck "B" symptoms and symptoms of organ displacement by tumor |
|
non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
|
lymph node origin
spread of malignant cells is unpredictable and localized disease is uncommon prognosis varies greatly |
|
Multiple Myeloma
|
malignant disease of the plasma cell (most mature form of B lymphocyte)
usually elderly person will present with bone pain (low back) and elevated total protein level |
|
bleeding disorders
|
know lab values and
study bleeding precautions sheet |
|
Common S/S of anemia
|
fatigue, tachycardia, slow capillary refill, non-adaptaion to temp Cx, ischemia (pain), pallor
|
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Aplastic Anemia
(Pancytopenia) |
bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells (all)
RBC, WBC, and platelets will be decreased Tx is bone marrow transplant |
|
Pernicious Anemia
|
cannot absorb B12 from GI tract
special S/S numbness, tingling Tx: B12 supplements and IM injections |
|
Iron Deficiency Anemia
|
d/t hemorrhage, diet, malabsorption of iron
body cannot make enough RBC's w/o iron elderly, preggos foods: leafy greens, organ meats, red meat, beans, molasses (take with Vit. C) |
|
Common S/S of anemia
|
fatigue, tachycardia, slow capillary refill, non-adaptaion to temp Cx, ischemia (pain), pallor
|
|
Thalessemia
(Cooley's Anemia) |
small RBC's
Special S/S marked fatigue no iron supplement necessary, small cells can't handle it |
|
Aplastic Anemia
(Pancytopenia) |
bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells (all)
RBC, WBC, and platelets will be decreased Tx is bone marrow transplant |
|
Pernicious Anemia
|
cannot absorb B12 from GI tract
special S/S numbness, tingling Tx: B12 supplements and IM injections |
|
Iron Deficiency Anemia
|
d/t hemorrhage, diet, malabsorption of iron
body cannot make enough RBC's w/o iron elderly, preggos foods: leafy greens, organ meats, red meat, beans, molasses (take with Vit. C) |
|
Thalessemia
(Cooley's Anemia) |
small RBC's
Special S/S marked fatigue no iron supplement necessary, small cells can't handle it |
|
Hemolytic Anemia
|
RBC's attacked by antibodies/immune system (autoimmune) or Rh or ABO incompatibility (neonate)
positive Coombs test (umbilical blood) bili level elevated |
|
Hemophilia
|
pt. deficient in clotting factor VIII
S/S bleeding into joints, GI bleed, epistaxis, coffee ground emesis, brain bleed PTT is prolonged (up) |
|
Thrombocytopenia
|
not enough platelets
possible causes: meds, genetics, malfunctioning spleen Tx: splenectomy, steroids (to decr. immune system), Igg |
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von Willebrand's Disease
|
Type 1,2,3 (1 most common)
very similar to hemophilia but affects more females deficient factor VIII |
|
general symptoms of blood-related cancers
|
fever, decreased WBC (prolonged infection), alterations in normal blood cell counts, weight loss, bleeding, petichiae
|
|
general treatment of blood-related cancers
|
chemotherapy (kills good and bad)
bone marrow transplant (immunosuppressed) steroids to avoid rejection (infection risk) splenectomy (bleeding risk) pneumococcal vaccines |