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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how may American will develop skin cancer? |
1 in every 5 |
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By 2020? |
50 of deaths globally caused by cancer |
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Where do three quarter of cancer related deaths occur? |
In developed countries |
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What percentage of cancer could be prevented? |
30% |
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Types of tumors |
Neoplasm-uncontrolled or abnormal growth of cells |
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Process of neoplasm? |
Cancer cells move from one site to another (metastasis) |
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Metastasis 3 ways |
1. direct spread of cells from tumor to surrounding tissue 2.Spread through circulation via blood & lymph nodes 3. By accidental transplant of cancer cells from 1 site to another during surgery or medical procedure |
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Surgeries or medical tx |
Cancer may spread via surgical interventions, medical invasive treatments= transplanting cancer cells from one site to another. |
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T Cells role with preventing CA |
The T cells recognize, destroy newly developed abnormal cells |
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Conditions that supress T cell function and increase cancer risk |
Age drugs(steroids) poor nutrition alcohol intake serious infections diseases of bone and lymph tissue |
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Define Carcinoma |
Malignant tumor, most common cancer, 90% of all cancers made of, Affect age 50 and up, spread thru body via blood/lymph |
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Where can carcinoma spread? |
Bones,lymph nodes, lungs |
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Where do carcinomas originate? |
in the epithelial tissue= lining of breast, lung, colon, prostate |
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Cancers caused by carcinoma? |
Breast, Colon, Lung, kidney, thyroid, prostate, stomach |
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Sarcoma definition |
Develop in mesodermal and connective tissue, |
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Sarcoma cancers? |
Bone, Blood, Cartilage,Fat,Fibrous tissue-ligaments,connective tissue. |
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Blood cancers |
Leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma |
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Characteristics of Sarcomas |
Comprise only 1% of all cancers, affect all age groups, grow in ball like masses, spread via satellite nodules, may spread to lungs |
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Pap Smear |
removes, examines cells in vaginal cervical area |
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Biopsy |
Removal of a small piece of living tissue |
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Types of biopsies |
1. Excisional= removal of complete lesion with little or none of surrounding tissue 2. Incisional= removal of portion of tissue for examination 3. Needle/aspiration= inserting needle and removing fluid or tissue |
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Grade 1 tumor |
Most or well differentiated (like the parent tissue) Least malignant |
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Grade 4 |
Least or undifferentiated (not similar to parent tissue) Most malignant |
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Types of blood tests used to detect cancer |
Acid Phosphate/PSA=elevated CA of Prostate gland Alkaline Phosphate=elevated w/metastasis to bone or liver Serum Calcitonin= elevated CA of thyroid,breast, lung CA CA-125=elevated w/ovarian or primary peritoneal CA CEA=elevated levels may indicate colorectal CA, more in smokers |
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Test used to detect CA or other illnesses |
Mammogram=abnormal breast tissue and tumors MRI=detects abnormal soft tissue and abnormalities Stool for occult blood=detects presence of blood in stool possibly colorectal CA |
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Cancer rise in USA |
1 in 2 men 1 in 3 women |
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Traditional tx |
internal, external radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, marrow transplant |
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alternative tx |
macrobiotic diets visual imagery humor therapy support groups |
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Nursing care for side effects of medical tx |
Important not to show negative emotions |
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inventions with external radiation |
skin care in the affected area: do not wash off markers, pat area dry if wet, no lotion creams o powders unless MD prescribed |
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Unsealed internal radiation |
Causes pt body fluid to be radioactive |
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Major side effects of UIR |
Pt on strict bed rest. Pt not to tuen side to side bc can dislodge UIR. Keep HOB less than 45 at all times |
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Sealed radiation container placed in vagina restrictions and precautions |
Do not bath pt below waist, do not change linen unless necessary d/t increased exposure |
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Notify radiologist when? |
Canister becomes dislodged |
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When assessing mouth for stomatitis? |
1. Use tongue blade and flashlight 2. Look for lesions, ulcers, or white plaque 3. Leukopenia very common to see 4. Tell pt to be gentle with mouth care by using soft toothbrush |
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5 Nursing measures to prevent infection |
1. Clean skin folds 2x daily w/ soap and H2O 2.Apply H2O soluble moisturizers 3.Monitor IV sites 4. Meds orally vs IV or IM 5. Assess old puncture sites for infection |
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Asses for impending lung infection by? |
Changes in lung sounds rate,rhythm,and breathing efforts |
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Assess urine function? |
OCC, frequency, urgency or pain with voiding |
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Asses Bowel Function? |
Color and consistency of stool, presence of blood, change in bowel habits, straining to pass stool |
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Anemic CA pts |
minor fatigue plan for rest periods |
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Labs to consider with Anemic CA pts |
decreased hemocrit and hemoglobin |
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Thrombopenia? |
clotting issues |
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Avoid what with CA pts |
Rectal therms, and rectal meds |
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If bleeding occurs in CA anemic pts? |
Apply direct pressure over site x5 mins or longer |
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What to avoid with anemic pts? |
contact sports, tooth extraction, elective surgery, blowing nose forcefully, situations that result in falls, bumps, cuts, or trama DO NOT USE ASA OR ASA products |
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Alopecia? |
Loss of hair due to destruction in hair follicles |
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When CA pt are experiencing N/V |
1.Anti-emetics 2. cool cloth, dim lights, remove odors, sip 7-up assess for F and E imbalance |
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CA nutritional interventions |
small frequent meals offered, meal supplement between meals, ID foods the pt likes and to include these, encourage fluids even if pt not tolerating solids, be prepared to assist w/ TPN if necessary |
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Measures to prevent infections in the bone marrow transplant pt |
PPE, isolation room, Antibiotic,antiviral, routine blood cultures, routine urine and stool, routine throat cultures |
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CAUTION |
C-change in bowel or bladder habits A-a sore that doesnt heal U- unusual bleeding or discharge T-thickening or lump under the skin I-in swallowing a difficulty O-Obvious change in wart or mole N-Nagging cough |
