Old Zoology

Front 1

Science:
Guided by _______
Explained by reference to Natural Law.
Testable against the ______
Conclusions are ___ and ___-

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Natural Law
Obersvable World
Tenative; falsifiable

Front 2

Macromolcules in organisms are more complex than those in nonliving matter

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Chemical Uniquness

Front 3

Macromolecules-- cells-- organisms--species-population

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Complexity and Hierarchial Organization

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Basic units of living system

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Cells

Front 5

Molecule of inheritance; contains instructions for all inheritable traits

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DNA

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all of the biochemical reactions occuring in the cells; organisms use energy to stockpile, teardown, build, and eliminate materials to promote their survival and repro

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Metabolism

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Characteristic changes an organism from origin to adult

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Development

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Living things respond to stimuli in the enviornment(irritability)
Organisms depend directly or indirectly on 1 another for materials and energy

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Environmental Interaction

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Charact of Animals:
DNA located in nucleus are ____.
Multicellular
Not capable of making their own food______
Cells not bound by cell walls

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Eukaryotes
Heterotrophs

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general approach used by scientists to gather info

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Scientific Method

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O
S
H
P
E
D
C
T

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OBSERVATION
LITERATURE SEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
PREDICTION
EXPERIMENT
DATA
CONCLUSION
THEORY FORMATION

Front 12

observe some aspect of the natural world; identify a question or problem

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Observation

Front 13

testable claim arising from scientific theoris, possible answers, testable, based on other observations

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Hypothesis

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state what one should abserve about the ? if the hypothesis is valid

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Prediction

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Devise an experiment to test your hypothesis; Controlled experiment: Experiment group-> subjected to a given treatment; Control group-> untreated group

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experimentation

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Preferred datat type: mathematical(unbiased)

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Data

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a hypothesis may be elevated to the status of a theory if it is not rejected with repeated testing over time

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theory formation

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A system of ideas and concepts assembled to order and make sense out of data or observations

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theory

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powerful theories that guide extensive research

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paradigms

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replacement of paradigms

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scientific revolution

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112 elements; 92 occur in nature

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.

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Carbon 18.5%; Oxygen 65; Hydrogen 9.5; Nitrogen 3.3; phosphorus 1

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most organic molecules are built on these 6 elements

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anything that takes up space and has a mass

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matter

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electrically neutral

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atoms

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atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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Isotopes

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transfer of 1 or more electrons from 1 atom to another; ions are formed; ions of opp. charge are attracted to each other

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Ionic Bonds

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electrons are shared between atoms

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Covalent bonds (strong)

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Electrons are shared equally; no partial charges result

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Nonpolar CB

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Eletrons are not shared equally; partial charges form

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polar CB

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Result from unequal charge distribution within molecules; weak bond; bond between H atom and another molecule already involved in a polar covalent bond

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Hydrogen Bond

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Molecules that dissociated in solution to produce a hydrogen ion.

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Acid

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Molecule that dissociates in solution to produce an hydroxyl ion

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Base

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Product of the reaction between an acid and base

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salt

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PH below 7
=7
above 7

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acid
neutral
base

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any substance that tends to keep pH levels constant when acids or bases are added; can bind to or realease H or OH

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buffer

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__ of total water on earth in crust
___ actually free
___ in ocean
___ fresh water
___ polar ice
___ drinking water

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95
5
97
3
75
1

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Produced by autotrophs photosyn.; contain C H and O usually in ration 1C: 2H: 1O

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Carbohydrates

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Simple sugars with a C backbone of 3-7 C atoms

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Monosaccharides

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Hexose (6C) sugars

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Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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Pentose (5C) Sugars

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Ribose
Deoxyribose

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2 monosac bonded

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Disacch.

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Maltose(malt sugar)
Sucrose(table sugar)
Lactose(milk sugar)

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Glucose+glucose
Glucose+Fructose
Glucose+Galactose

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Chains of monosacc(polymers)

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Polysaccharides

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polymer of glucose
Stored in liver and muscle cells

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Glycogen

Front 45

Primary storage form of glucose in plants; branced; most abundant organic material on earth

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Cellulose