Old Tests Cards

Front 1

Definition of selection coefficient:

Back 1

The advantage of mutation.

Front 2

A high selection coefficient will affect the evolutionary fate of an advantageous mutant in this way:

Back 2

The higher the selection coefficient, the more survivors with the advantageous mutation, and the more rapidly that trait spreads through the population

Front 3

Linnaeus

Back 3

Hierarchical Classification

Front 4

Lamarck

Back 4

Transformational evolution

Front 5

Darwin

Back 5

Variational Evolution

Front 6

Malthus

Back 6

Competition for Resources

Front 7

Smith

Back 7

Invisible Hand

Front 8

Haeckel

Back 8

Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny

Front 9

Von Baer

Back 9

Laws of Ontogeny

Front 10

Whewell

Back 10

Consilience of Induction

Front 11

Compared to ___________, ___________ is more informative with respect to phylogeny.

Back 11

plesiomorphy


synapomorphy

Front 12

___________ is a character that is shared and derived; ___________ is an ancestral state.

Back 12

synapomorphy


plesiomorphy

Front 13

Two reasons why phylogenies of genetic markers do not always agree with the phylogenetic histories of the organisms in which they have evolved:

Back 13

Horizontal gene transfer, incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization, gene duplication

Front 14

Eras, from youngest to oldest:

Back 14

Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Plaeozoic
Precambrian

Front 15

Periods, from youngest to oldest:

Back 15

Quaternary
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Devonian

Front 16

The evolution of ______________
in cyanobacteria introduced significant quantities of oxygen to the earth's atmosphere for the first time.

Back 16

photosynthesis

Front 17

Big Bang

Back 17

14 bya

Front 18

Our Solar System

Back 18

4.6 bya

Front 19

Oldest rocks

Back 19

3.8 bya

Front 20

First Life

Back 20

3.5 bya

Front 21

This is the reason why mutation is so important in the context of allele frequency changes.

Back 21

Variation is steadily reduced

Front 22

This is how evolution would proceed in the absence of mutation.

Back 22

Evolution would proceed only through migration and recombination.

Front 23

The transcribed region of the average human gene, before introns are excised:_____________.

Back 23

4,705 base pairs

Front 24

Number of exons, on average, of the average human gene:___________.

Back 24

8.8

Front 25

Genes on the Y chromosome evolve differently from those on the X chromosome becuase:

Back 25

Y chromosome is always inherited from the father, leading to faster/higher rate of mutation/substitution

Front 26

Phylogenetic tree of the the three major branches of life include (at minimun) these three:

Back 26

Eukarya

Prokarya

Bacteria

Front 27

This is the evolutionary fates of brachipods and trilobites:

Back 27

Trilobites: extinct

Brachiopods: still exist, however, diversity has decreased

Front 28

According to Margulis, these are the three components that confer evolutionary potential on populations:

Back 28

Growth Potential
Inherited Change
Natural Selection: the fact that biotic potential is never reached.

Front 29

This is an example of a photosynthetic animal:___________

Back 29

Sea Slug

Front 30

Mechanism by which gene families evolve:

Back 30

Unequal crossing over, duplications or deletions

Front 31

Evolution allows for evolutionary innovation in this way:

Back 31

Relaxes functional restraint with more gene copies.

Front 32

If a homozygous, non-recombining population of flies is maintained in the laboratory for several hundred generations, average egg-to-adult viability is expected to _______________.

Back 32

Decrease

Front 33

If a homozygous, non-recombining population of flies is maintained in the laboratory for several hundred generations, genetic variance is expected to _____________.

Back 33

Increase

Front 34

This is an example of discovery in genetics in recent decades that has lent some credence to the possibility of evolution by macromutation, or 'hopeful monsters' - R. Goldschmidt.

Back 34

Hox gene, or homeobox gene

Front 35

If we know the ______________ frequencies through obsevation of a sample of individuals within a population for a locus with two alleles, we can easily calculate the underlying allele frequencies.

Back 35

genotype

Front 36

If we know the genotype frequencies through obsevation of a sample of individuals within a population for a locus with two alleles, we can easily calculate the underlying ______ frequencies.

Back 36

allele

Front 37

Allele frequencies can be used to calculate the expected ___________ frequencies under the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Back 37

genotype

Front 38

These are four possible reasons that a population could fail to meet pattern of genotype frequencies that are expected under the H-W principle:

Back 38

non-random mating
gene flow (migration)
finite population
mutations

Front 39

Imagine a lucus with 2 alleles in a hypothetical population. You observe that the A1A1 genotype occurs with frequency .65, the A1A2 genotype occurs with frequency .1, and the A2A2 genotype occurs with frequency .25. Calculate the following parameters:
Freq. of A1=p=_____________.

Back 39

homozygote + half heterozygote:
add .65+(1/2)x.1
= .65+.05
=.7

Front 40

Imagine a lucus with 2 alleles in a hypothetical population. You observe that the A1A1 genotype occurs with frequency .65, the A1A2 genotype occurs with frequency .1, and the A2A2 genotype occurs with frequency .25. Calculate the following parameters:
Freq. of A2=q=______________.

Back 40

homozygote + half heterozygote
add .25+(1/2)x.1
= .25+.05
=.3

Front 41

Imagine a lucus with 2 alleles in a hypothetical population. You observe that the A1A1 genotype occurs with frequency .65, the A1A2 genotype occurs with frequency .1, and the A2A2 genotype occurs with frequency .25. Calculate the following parameters:
Expected freq. of A1A1=______.

Back 41

multiply .7&.7
.7x.7= .49

Front 42

Imagine a lucus with 2 alleles in a hypothetical population. You observe that the A1A1 genotype occurs with frequency .65, the A1A2 genotype occurs with frequency .1, and the A2A2 genotype occurs with frequency .25. Calculate the following parameters:
Expected freq. of A1A2=______.

Back 42

multiply A1&A2 and double it=
(.7x.3)x2
=.21*2
=.42

Front 43

Imagine a lucus with 2 alleles in a hypothetical population. You observe that the A1A1 genotype occurs with frequency .65, the A1A2 genotype occurs with frequency .1, and the A2A2 genotype occurs with frequency .25. Calculate the following parameters:
Expected freq. of A2A2=______.

Back 43

multiply .3&.3
.3x.3=.09

Front 44

This evolutionary process might explain the observed pattern, according to H-W equilibrium:

Back 44

X-linked dominant

Front 45

In the context of inbreeding, parameter F is called___________ ________.

Back 45

inbreeding coefficient