Ohio State University Political Science 1100

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Political Participation

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Any kind of action that is aimed at changing or supporting government policy or actors.

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Conventional Participation

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Common actions, considered culturally acceptable at a given time in history, that communicate preferences through established institutions.

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Unconventional Participation

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Actions that are less common, take place outside of established institutions, and / or challenge cultural norms.

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Bloody Sunday

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600 civil rights activists attempted to peacefully march 50 miles from Selma, Alabama, to the state capitol in Montgomery on March 7, 1965. Governor George Wallace declared the march illegal and dispatched state troopers to stop it. Despite the nonviolent nature of the march, the troopers responded with force. Marchers crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma were attacked by police wielding night sticks and tear gas, and officers on horseback charged into the crowd.

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26th Amendment

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Lowered the voting age to 18. Ratified in 1971.

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Socioeconomic Status

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Says that people with more education, higher incomes, and white-collar jobs are more likely to participate politically than people of a lower status.

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Three primary reasons people do not participate in elections.

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They lack the necessary resources, they lack interest, and they have not been motivated.

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Prospective Voting

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Basing voting decisions on forecasts of future political behavior.

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Retrospective Voting

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Evaluating candidates on their past experience or performance.

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Balancing the Ticket

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Strategic selection of a political running mate that can attract voters from different geographic regions or racial groups.

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Consumer Confidence Index (CCI)

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A survey based on voter prospective views of the economy. A score over 100 represents confidence in the economy, where candidates could expect voter support, and a score under 100 represents low confidence in the economy, in which candidates should fear voter retaliation.

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Social Capital

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The degree of civic connectedness within a community or a state.

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Franchise

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The group least likely to vote. 18-24 years of age.

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General Election

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Process by which elections are held on every even numbered year. All 435 members of the house of representatives and one-third of the Senate are elected every two years, and the president and vice president every four years.

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Primary Election

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The choice of presidential nominee is put directly to the voters.

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Open Primary

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System in which voters registered with a political party may choose the ballot of either party.

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Closed Primary

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Voters can only vote on the ballot for the party in which they are registered.

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Plurality Voting

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The House or Senate candidate who receives the most votes wins the election.

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Two steps for a congressional candidate pursuing a seat in the House or the Senate.

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One: Qualify for the state ballot.
Two: Win general election.

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Frontloading

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The trend of states moving their primaries and caucuses earlier and earlier in the primary season in order to have a greater impact on the outcome of the nomination process.

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Super Tuesday

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The name given to February 5, 2008 because 21 states held their nominating elections.

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National Convention

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Largely symbolic proceedings in which delegates affirm state nominees and parties formally present their presidential and vice presidential candidates.

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Electoral College

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Made up of representatives from each state who cast votes for the president and vice president.

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Lemon Test

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Provides three criteria for weighing the constitutionality of any government action that involves religion.

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Free Exercise Clause

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Protects individuals from national government restrictions on religious practices.

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Sherbert Test

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Requires that justices consider certain questions in determining whether the government has violated an individual's free exercise of religion.

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Direct Incitement Standard

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Speech can only be prohibited if it is "directed at inciting or producing imminent lawless action" or is "likely to incite or produce such action"

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The Fifth Amendment

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Guarantees the right to due process of law.

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The Sixth Amendment

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Guarantees the right to a fair trial.

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The Either Amendment

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Protects the criminally accused from excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment.

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Civil Liberties

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Rights enumerated in the first 10 amendments of the constitution.

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Civil Rights

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The historical, constitutional, and legal basis for equal protection of the law.

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Affirmative Action

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Diversifying the workforce.

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Missouri Compromise of 1820

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Extended freedom to any slave who's master established residence in a free territory.

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Jim Crow Laws

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Legal segregation in schools, transportation, facilities, restaurants, and other public places.

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McConnell vs. Federal Election Commission (2003)

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Allowed the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) to regulate campaign financing.

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Al Odah vs. United States (2007)

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Found the Military Commissions Act of 2006 unconstitutional because the act denied habeas corpus rights to detainees in a territory under complete U.S. jurisdiction and control.

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Lemon vs. Kurtzman (1971)

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Allowed courts to establish a standard guide to judicial decision making when dealing with religious establishments. The court ruled that the state could not subsidize the salaries of teachers who deliver secular educational content in religious schools because regulation of this policy involved an excessive entanglement with religion.

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Sherber vs Verner (1963)

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Court ruled that Sabbatarians cannot be discriminated against in the workplace for their religious beliefs.

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Schenck vs. U.S (1919)

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Charles Schenck was charged with conspiracy for distributing leaflets that urged military inductees to resist the draft. The Supreme Court ruled that these activities represented a "clear and present danger" to security and were not protected by the First Amendment.

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Norris vs. Alabama (1935)

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Expanded on the sixth amendment and prohibited juries from excluding African Americans.

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Tinker vs. Des Moines (1969)

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Mary Beth Tinker, an Iowa student, protested the Vietnam War with several of her friends by wearing black armbands to school. School officials suspended the students, fearing that the action would provoke disturbances. The Supreme Court ruled that the school had violated the students' First amendment freedom and that the students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gates."

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Taylor vs. Louisiana (1975)

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Expanded on the sixth amendment and prohibited juries from excluding women.

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Furman vs. Georgia (1972)

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Outlined the definition of cruel or unusual punishment.