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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Define immunology |
Immunology is study of immune system and its response |
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Define immune response |
Co ordinated reaction of cells, tissues and molecules |
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Define immune system |
Collection of cells, tissues and molecules that work together to give resistance against disease |
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Define immunoregulation |
Is control of tissues, response and interactions of cells and molecules |
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Describe innate immunity |
Innate immunity aka natural or native immunity (includes inflamm response) Happens from birth, doesn't discriminate against pathogens, is not enhanced by contact with another pathogen ie doesn't matter if 1st time pathogen to body exposure or 20 th time; extent of the response is the same Includes inflamm response which first line of defence for body when it comes into contact with pathogen. This helps in ocular allergy, damage, dry eye disease, trauma. Also assoc w AMD and DRetinopathy (list is not exhaustive) |
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Describe adaptive immune response |
Adaptive immune response stimulated from innate IR: body asks for back up so this adapts & amplifies and it does discriminate when comes into contact with pathogen ie when comes into contact w pathogen gives diff response each time Also has memory so gets stronger with each pathogen exposure |
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Describe cells of innate IR: Macrophages |
Multitasking molecule: engulfs and eats up pathogen and reacts w chemicals from immune response
APCs (Antigen Presenting Cells) & express Class II major histocompatibilty glycoproteins and have diff receptors: complement system, Fc portion of antibody and other chemical mediators Carries out synthesis and secretion of enzymes to break down the pathogens via (double: P, L, I) Prostaglandins, Prosteases, Leukoterines, Lysozomes, Inteferins & Interleukins as well as collegeneases & oxygen metabolites |
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Describe cells of innate IR: Dendritic cells |
Lots of diff processes almost like able to reach out and grab pathogen and present it to other cells |
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Describe cells of innate IR: Mast cells |
Almost present in all vasculature, one of first cells in immune response & most common in type I allergies. It less in type 2-4 |
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Describe cells of innate IR: Natural Killer Cells |
Has cystoplasmic granules that kill pathogen: (1) Perforin - make pore for delivery of Granzymes (2) Granzymes which programme cell death
NKCs activated by IFN a, b & IL 12 Also antigens are recognised when combined with Class I MHC |
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Describe cells of innate IR: complement protein - 1st system ? |
2 chemical response systems: (1) Complement system: 30 diff chemicals, starts a cascade of proteins that complement the immune response & part of in ante response but can be used for acquired IR |
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Describe cells of innate IR: complement proteins; 2nd chemical system ? |
(2) Cytokines Secreted in resp to immune system, released locally and bind to specific receptor 4 classes of cytokines: (1) Pro inflammatory- assoc w Tumour Neucrosis Factor & Interluekin 1&6 (2) Inflammatory leukocytes- assoc w Inteferon and Interferon Gamma: 5,10, 12 (3) Cells activated bc of CD 4+ T cells- IL-2 stimulates T growth factor & IL-4 stimulates synthesis of igE (4) Colony stimulating factor- derived from marrow stromal cells and T cells |
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Describe cells of innate IR: WBCs: Neutrohpils |
Neutrophils activate 4 way response system: (1) Activate chemotactic agents: release chemicals to go to Neutrohpils and to site of pathogen (2) Release Fibrinolytic/kinin pathway to repair damage / heal area of pathogen (3) Release of leukocytes/platelets (4) Activation of Complement system |
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Describe cells of innate IR: WBCs: Basophils |
Circulating mast cell ie circulates in blood and releases igE when cell binds Releases histamine, serotonin and prostaglandin which will ⬆️ blood flow to damage area left by pathogen Nb: only account for <1% of all cells |
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Describe cells of innate IR: WBCs: Eosinophils |
Phagocytose antigen antibodies and make histaminase and aryl sulphatase B enzymes that prevent two inflamm agents that are made by mast cells Nb: Eosinophils account for 2-8% |
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Describe two stage attack of adaptive immune response |
1) Humoral response: Humoral means blood borne B cell going to make antibodies to antigens in body fluids
2) Cell mediated response : T cells bind its receptor to infected body cell. When it binds known as self non self complex |
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Describe cells of adaptative immune response: B lymphocytes |
B lymphocytes aka B cells - make antibodies and helped by T cells that recognise antigen
B cell antibodies; 5 types (AGED M) igA, igG, igE, igD & igM
igA & igM: mostly found in eye igE: mostly in allergic responses as well as mucousal areas
igM happens first ➡️ switches to igG ➡️ switches to iGE - this more specific and has greater capacity
Nb switches b/c makes specific defence against antigen |
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How do antibodies work? |
Antigen receptor is membrane form of antibodies. When B cell activated that makes sequence of events and the effector cell secretes antibodies to soluble / circulating antigens |
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Describe structure of antibodies |
At top: antigen presenting site - so pathogen will bind to this Made of diff chains: innermost is heavy chain and outermost is light chains Bottom of antibody is Fc part which is partly made of heavy chain. This binds to receptors of diff cells |
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Describe adaptive immune response cell: T lymphocyte |
T lymphocyte aka T cells most important cell of this immune system and gets its name as from thymus/thymus tissue |
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How do T cells work? |
T cells have specific surface receptor to a particular antigen. So it recognises the peptide antigens which are engulfed by the phagocytes and this is expressed on surface of the cell by class II MHC
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Which other cell uses Class II MHC? |
Macrophages aka Antigen Presenting Cells |
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Describe two types of T cells? |
1) T helper cells aka CD4+ Two types: Type 1 & type 2 - both have different triggers, effectors secretions and effector cells
2) Cytotoxic aka CD8+ cells |
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Describe two types of T cells?
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1) T helper cells aka CD4+
Two types: Type 1 & type 2 - both have different triggers, effectors secretions and effector cells 2) Cytotoxic aka CD8+ cells |
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Which cells are a link between innate and adaptive immune response? |
Dendritic / Langerhan cells - make antibodies Gamma Delta T cell and NK T cell |
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What three types of ocular defences are there? |
Physical barriers: Eyelids, intact ocular surface & adequate Tflow Blood borne molecules Cells and locally secreted chemicals |
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What three types of ocular defences are there? |
Physical barriers: Eyelids, intact ocular surface & adequate Tflow Blood borne molecules Cells and locally secreted chemicals |
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Describe ocular immunity |
Ocular immunity aka immune privilege ie eye has its selective immune response Happens in two ways: Passive - BRB, no lymphatic system, MHC class 1&2. C 2 in defective cells Active - through expression of inhibitory cell molecules: Fas ligand, DAF, CD46, 59 |
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Describe Type B adverse events |
Are idiosyncratic ie don't know if it'll happen to the px and if it does how badly it'll affect the px
Happens bc of drug OR bc of metabolite of the drug
If bc of drug: it's usually not dose related, 15-20% low incidence in some drugs but can be severe
Nb some pxs have inherited genetic mutations: MHC- HLA. So get mutations in glycoprotein of immune cells so pxs responds abnormally to drug. Can be severe / fatal
If bc of metabolite of drug: Can cause aplastic anaemia seen w systemic Chloramphenicol bc it reacts w bacteria in gut and makes he chemical which causes AAnaemia bc it reacts w MHC; HLA.
Can cause serious / fatal effects |
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Describe Steven-Johnsons syndrome |
One of worse allergic reactions: is skin mucous membrane disorder Happens bc pxs usually have mutated genes and have abnormal response to drug
RARE BUT SEVERE |
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Describe cornea immunity and its cells |
Cornea has no vascular supply ie no BVs/lymphoids so it's known as having immune & angiogenic privilege Many cells: Peripheral cornea: MHC class 2 - none in centre so no immune response there Ant/post.stroma: bone marrow deceived macrophage like cells Mucinsbjn in diff layers: M1, M4, M16- these prevent adhesion |
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Describe conjunctiva and its immune response |
Conjunctiva has vascular supply ie BVs/lymphoids and has specialised endothelial venules which recruit lymphoid cells ie T cells & plasma which use IgA secretion. As well as macrophages, mast cells & dendrites all found in lamina propria in conjunctiva Also have CALT: Conjunctiva Associated Lymphoid Tissue - made up of follicular B cells and parafollicular T cells |
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Describe lacrimal gland and its immune response |
Lacrimal gland involved with tear secretion and made up of IgA & T cells: cytotoxic aka CD8+ cells these are found around intralobular ducts |
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Describe TF integrated proteins |
Lysozomes- uses enzymes to break down pathogens Lactoferrin- binds iron within TF Pre albumin- binds pathogens so that it doesn't cause more destruction Cells that recruit leukocytes; IL6, IL8 & mCSF - all recruit WBCs |
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Describe Anterior Chamber Associated Immune Deviation |
It's an immunosuppressive environment of the anterior part of the eye which down regulates / prevents the immune system being too strong by using aqueous humour/cells of iris & ciliary body
These cells have antigen presentation which are going to suppress cell mediated immunity and carry out lymphocyte activation to promote humoral immunity |
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Describe G-C Lackmann hypersensitivity: Type 3: |
Type 3- more serious, associated w autoimmunity: body starts attacking itself bc can't distinguish between body and pathogen
Made up of antigens, IgG, IgM, complement immune complex, neutrophils and macrophages
Ocular diseases: SJS, relapsing polychrondritis
Systemic diseases: same as Type 2 |
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Describe Gell-Cooms Lackmann hypersensitivity: Type 2: |
Type 2 Made up of antigens, IgG, IgM, complement, neutrophils and macrophages
Ocular diseases: dermatitis herpetiformis (itchy skin condt linked to coeliac disses), Pemphigus Vulgaris (skin blisters)
Systemic diseases Goodpastures syndrome & MG |
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Describe G-C Lackmann hypersensitivity: Type 3: |
Type 3- more serious, associated w autoimmunity: body starts attacking itself bc can't distinguish between body and pathogen
Made up of antigens, IgG, IgM, complement immune complex, neutrophils and macrophages
Ocular diseases: SJS,
Systemic diseases (triple A): Allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma and anaphylaxis (extreme hypersensitivity) |
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Describe GCL hypersensitivity: Type 4: |
Type 4 - not antibody related more associated w T cells, neutrophils, macrophages and antigens (thus made up of these too)
Ocular diseases: cataract hypersensitivity (drug allergy), herpes disciform keratitis, phenylcteulosis (hypersensitivity of cornea / conjunctiva after bacteria contact) as well as uveitis, HSV & stromal keratitis
Systemic diseases: transplant rejection, Tb, sarcadosis, Wegners Granulomotis: small BVs inflamed including capillaries (eye=red, painful, blood shot, dry/gritty eye and vision loss) |
