Ocular Anatomy Exam 1

Front 1

what penetrates the anterior portion of the sclera

Back 1

anterior ciliary arteries (7)
anterior ciliary veins (7)

Front 2

what penetrates the middle portion of the sclera

Back 2

vortex veins (4)

Front 3

what penetrates the posterior portion of the sclera

Back 3

long ciliary nerves (2)
long posterior ciliary arteries (2)
optic nerve
short ciliary nerves
short posterior ciliary arteries (8-20)

Front 4

layers of the sclera

Back 4

episclera
stroma
lamina fusca

Front 5

what and where is the tenon's capsule

Back 5

the dense connective tissue that is just outside of the episclera

runs from optic nerve to limbus

outer to the sclera except at the lamina cribrosa

Front 6

from external to internal what is the location of the sclera to adj. tissue

Back 6

conjunctiva
tenon's capsule
episclera
stroma
lamina fusca
suprachoroidal space

Front 7

what are the blood supplies to the sclera

Back 7

relatively avascular
Ant: anterior to the insertion of rectus muscle, episcleral plexus
Post: small branches from the long and short posterior ciliary arteries

Front 8

what are the layers of the cornea

Back 8

(anterior) epithelium
bowman's layer
(corneal) stroma
descemet 's membrane
endothelium

Front 9

from exterior to the interior what are the layers of the epithelium in the cornea

Back 9

surface cells
wing cells
basal cells
basement membrane

Front 10

characteristics of the surface cells of the epithelium in the cornea

Back 10

2-3 layers
squamous
contain microvilli (stablize tear film and inc. surface of the cornea)
attached to each other by zonula occludens

Front 11

what penetrates the anterior portion of the sclera

Back 11

anterior ciliary arteries (7)
anterior ciliary veins (7)

Front 12

what penetrates the middle portion of the sclera

Back 12

vortex veins (4)

Front 13

what penetrates the posterior portion of the sclera

Back 13

long ciliary nerves (2)
long posterior ciliary arteries (2)
optic nerve
short ciliary nerves
short posterior ciliary arteries (8-20)

Front 14

layers of the sclera

Back 14

episclera
stroma
lamina fusca

Front 15

what and where is the tenon's capsule

Back 15

the dense connective tissue that is just outside of the episclera

runs from optic nerve to limbus

outer to the sclera except at the lamina cribrosa

Front 16

from external to internal what is the location of the sclera to adj. tissue

Back 16

conjunctiva
tenon's capsule
episclera
stroma
lamina fusca
suprachoroidal space

Front 17

what are the blood supplies to the sclera

Back 17

relatively avascular
Ant: anterior to the insertion of rectus muscle, episcleral plexus
Post: small branches from the long and short posterior ciliary arteries

Front 18

what are the layers of the cornea

Back 18

(anterior) epithelium
bowman's layer
(corneal) stroma
descemet 's membrane
endothelium

Front 19

from exterior to the interior what are the layers of the epithelium in the cornea

Back 19

surface cells
wing cells
basal cells
basement membrane

Front 20

characteristics of the surface cells of the epithelium in the cornea

Back 20

2-3 layers
squamous
contain microvilli (stablize tear film and inc. surface of the cornea)
attached to each other by zonula occludens

Front 21

characteristics of the wing cells of the epithelium in the cornea

Back 21

3 layers
umbrella shaped cells
between the surface cells and basal cells
DESMOSOMES and GAP JUNCTIONS

Front 22

characteristics of the basal cells of the epithelium in the cornea

Back 22

one layer
connect to basement membrane (hemidesmosomes)
connect to other basal cells (desmosomes)

Front 23

characteristics of the basement membrane of the epithelium in the cornea

Back 23

stronger attachment to the underlying stroma than to the epithelium in a normal eye

Front 24

the bowmans membrane is a modified...

Back 24

modified zone of the anterior stroma. NOT BASAL LAMINA.

8-14 microns thick

Front 25

what is the relationship between the bowmans membrane and pathology

Back 25

very resistant to mechanical and infective injury

once destroyed...not renewed...replaced by scar tissue

Front 26

what is the stroma composed of

Back 26

lamellae:
fibrils are of uniform diameter
parallel to each other
uniform distance
GAG between fibrils

Front 27

characteristics of the anterior (1/3) and posterior (2/3)

Back 27

anterior (1/3), more intertwined
0.5-30 um wide
0.2-1.2 um thick

posterior (2/3), flat
100-200 um wide
1.0-2.5 um thick

evident in corneal edema

Front 28

how thick is the Decemet Membrane

Back 28

3-20 um
thickest basement membrane in body

Front 29

what is the decemet membrane composed of

Back 29

collagen and glycoproteins
basement membrane for the endothelium
secreted by the endothelium

Front 30

decement membrane in aging

Back 30

increase in thickness through lifetime
protrudes into the anterior chamber
sometime disrupts the endothelium

Front 31

what is deturgescence and where does it apply

Back 31

22% solids
78% water
uses a pump to maintain in the endothelium

Front 32

anterior limit of the limbus

Back 32

plane junction of bowmans and descemet layer

corneolimbal plane

Front 33

posterior limit of the limbus

Back 33

plane perpendicular to the eye surface
1.5mm posterior to the termination of bowman's layer
passes through scleral spur

limboscleral plane

Front 34

the layer with the larger vessels closest to the suprachoroidea is called

Back 34

Haller's Layer

Front 35

the layer with the medium sized vessels deep to the Haller layer is called

Back 35

Sattler's Layer

Front 36

what is the choriocapillaris

Back 36

a layer of capillaries
densest in the macular area
not innervated
maintain high pressure to resist collapse from high IOP
largest capillaries in the body

Front 37

what is the bruchs membrane

Back 37

collagenous fiber network that provides rigid framework of support for capillaries and retina

Front 38

what are the five layers of the bruchs membrane (outer to inner)

Back 38

basement membrane of choriocapillaris
outer collagenous zone
elastic layer
inner collagenous zone
basement membrane of RPE

Front 39

choroid blood supply

Back 39

s. post. cillary arteries (8-20)
l. post. cillary arteries (2)
choriocapillaris
anterior ciliary arteries (7)

vortex veins (4)

Front 40

what is the drainage flow of the limbus

Back 40

aqueous veins
collector channels
deep scleral venous plexus
intrascleral plexus
episcleral venous plexus
anterior ciliary veins
recti muscular veins

Front 41

in corneal wound healing which layer does NOT regenerate

Back 41

Bowmans: replaced by stroma like tissue or epithelium

Endothelium: polymegathism

Front 42

in corneal wound healing which layer DOES regenerate

Back 42

epithelium

stroma: new collagenous fibrils NOT uniform in diameter

descemet: by endothelium, constantly being made

Front 43

READ CORNEAL INNERVATION

Back 43

READ CORNEAL INNERVATION

Front 44

layers of the iris from anterior to posterior

Back 44

anterior border layer
stroma
anterior epithelium
posterior epithelium

Front 45

what is the content of the anterior border layer of the iris

Back 45

single layer of fibroblast

melanocytes:
unpigmented in blue eyes and thin anterior border layer
several layers in brown eyes

Front 46

what are the "crypts" in the iris

Back 46

place where there is no anterior border layer

Front 47

pupillary ruff or pupillary seam

Back 47

attached to this layer at the border of the pupillary margin

Front 48

where is the dilator muscles located in the eye

Back 48

root of iris, attached to ciliary muscle
near pupil, connect to the sphincter muscle
posteriorly, continous with the pigmented ciliary epithelium and RPE

Front 49

what type of neural fibers are in the iris

Back 49

sympathetic and parasympathetic

No Sensory

Front 50

layers of the retina external to internal

Back 50

RPE
photoreceptor
outer limiting membrane
outer nuclear
outer plexiform
inner nuclear
inner plexiform
ganglion cell
nerve fiber
inner limiting membrane

Front 51

where is the concentration of rods? cones?

Back 51

rods: 20deg outside fovea

cones: densest at fovea but found throughout retina

Front 52

what are the glial cells in the retina

Back 52

Macro: Muller and Astrocytes

Microglial

Front 53

RPE attachment relative to the choroid and the photoreceptor

Back 53

firmly attached to the choroid
loosely attached to the photoreceptors

most likely site for retachment

Front 54

chemical names of rods and cones

Back 54

rods: rhodopsin
cones: iodopsin

Front 55

describe the outer limiting membrane

Back 55

wire network which the processes of the photoreceptors pass through

not a true membrane

Front 56

what does the outer nuclear layer contain

Back 56

nuclei of the rods and cones
cone nuclei are larger and lay closer to the OLM
thickest towards center of fovea centralis but almost disappears at the center of fovea

Front 57

what does the outer plexiform contain

Back 57

connection between the axons of the photoreceptors and the dendrites of the bipolar cells

processes of the H-cells and fibers of Muller

Front 58

what does the inner nuclear layer contain

Back 58

nuclei of bipolar cells
horizontal cells nuclei
amacrine cell nuclei
nuclei of fibers of Muller
capillaries of central retinal vessels

Front 59

what does the inner plexiform layer consist of

Back 59

connect between axons of bipolar to dendrites of ganglion cell
distal process of ganglion cell
fibers of muller
branches of retinal vessel

Front 60

what does the ganglion cell layer consist of

Back 60

ganglion cells
fibers of muller
neuroglia cells
branches of retinal vessels

Front 61

what does the nerve fiber layer consist of

Back 61

axons of ganglion cell
fibers of muller
neuroglial cells
retinal vessels

Front 62

characteristic of the inner limiting membrane

Back 62

between retina and vitreous

boundary of the vitreous (hyaloid membrane of the vitreous)

Front 63

what is the blind spot and why is it called the blind spot

Back 63

OPTIC DISC
optic disc ration: 0.3

only layer present is nerve fiber layer
light on site ellicit no photochemical response

Front 64

what is the henle's fiber layer

Back 64

bipolar cells connected to the foveal cones have been pushed aside.
the photoreceptor axons run obliquely out from center to pedicle...collective called...

Front 65

what is the sloping wall of the depression called at the fovea

Back 65

clivus

Front 66

how is blood supplied to the retina

Back 66

outer 1/3: choroidal circulation, high flow, variable rate, free transfer of metabolites of all sizes

inner 2/3: retinal circulation, low flow, more constant, higher rate of O2 extraction

Front 67

what is the cilioretinal artery

Back 67

occasionally cilioretinal artery will appear at rim of optic disc

direct branch from s. post. ciliary artery, not from the central retinal artery

preserve macular function in case of central artery occlusion

Front 68

vitreous base

Back 68

a wide band along the peripheral retina at the ora serrata and pars plana of ciliary body

really firm attachment, hard to separate from pars plana by dissection

Front 69

ligamentum hyloide capsulare

Back 69

vitreal insertion into posterior lens capsule forming 9mm diameter ring, 1-2mm width

aka: wiegers ligament or eggers line

Front 70

how firmly is the vitreous attached to the fovea

Back 70

not as strong

Front 71

what is berger space

Back 71

in dissection, small separation between the posterior lens capsule and surface of patellar fossa

not sure if it really exist in vivo

Front 72

what is petit space

Back 72

between anterior hyaloid membrane
around the patellar fossa and posterior sheets of zonules

Front 73

what is garnier and hannover space

Back 73

garnier: between anterior sheet of zonules and ciliary

hannover: between anterior and posterior sheets of zonules

Front 74

how is the optic disc connected to the vitreous

area of martegiani?

Back 74

firm attachment along margin of optic disc (at base of hyaloid canal)

area of martegiani: hyaloid canal ends in front of the optic disc

Front 75

aqueous humor drainage

Back 75

major:
collector channels
deep scleral plexus
mid scleral plexus
episcleral plexus

partly:
aqueous veins
episcleral plexus

Front 76

anterior chamber boundaries

Back 76

anterior, peripheral, posterior

endothelium,
trabecular meshwork and iris root,
anterior surface of iris and pupillary area of anterior lens

Front 77

posterior chamber boundaries

Back 77

anterior, peripheral, posterior

posterior iris surface
equatorial zone of the lens, ciliary body
anterior surface of vitreous