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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 2 main types of cervical cancer?
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squamous carcinoma (most common 85 - 95%)
adenocarcinoma (occurs in younger women and carries a poorer prognosis; bulky endocervical tumors are aggressive in nature and less responsive to treatment) |
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Where does cervical cancer metastasize to?
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lung
liver bone |
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What are the screening recommendations for cervical cancer?
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ACS recommendations: initial Pap smear 3 years following initation of vaginal intercourse but no later than 21 years old.
Screening every year with Pap smear or every 2 years when using liquid-based Pap test Beginning at age 30 years, after three consecutive normal Pap smear/test results, repeat screening every 2 to 3 years at discretion of physician. If abnormal Pap test after age 30 years, consider hybrid capture for HPV subtyping for high-risk strains. |
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What is the average age of cervical cancer?
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45 to 55 years
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What are the early signs and symptoms of cervical cancer?
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**most women are asymptomatic until disease is advanced**
may have a thin, watery, vaginal discharge painless, intermittent, postcoital, intramestrual, or postmenopausal vaginal bleeding an increase in the length and amount of menstrual flow |
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What are the late signs and symptoms of cervical cancer?
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**pain referred to the flank or leg, lower extremity edema**
urinary symptoms include dysuria, urinary retention, urinary frequency, or hematuria bowel symptoms may include rectal bleeding, constipation, or bowel obstruction |
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What is the screening procedure for endometrial cancer?
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bimanual pelvic examination to palpate the size and shape of the uterus
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What is the peak incidence age of endometrial cancer?
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50 to 59 years
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What are the early signs and symptoms of endometrial cancer?
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bleeding in postmenopausal women
irregular or heavy menstrual flow in premenopausal women intermenstrual spotting vaginal discharge, lumbosacral pain |
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What are the late signs and symptoms of endometrial cancer?
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hemorrhage
ascites jaundice bowel obstruction respiratory distress |
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What are the screening procedures for ovarian cancer?
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bimanual pelvic examination (increase in size or irregularity of the ovary, palpable ovary in a postmenopausal woman)
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What are the early signs and symptoms for ovarian cancer?
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**early symptoms are vague and diffuse**
GI distress dyspepsia abdominal discomfort bloating flatulence eructation increased pelvic pressure vaginal bleeding |
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What are the late signs and symptoms for ovarian cancer?
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palpable abdominal or pelvic mass
increased abdominal girth ascites pleural effusions intestinal obstruction weight loss vaginal bleeding |
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Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
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a spectrum of neoplasia associated with the products of conception
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What are the risk factors for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia?
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age - highest risk for women over 40 years of age becoming pregnant. Some increased risk for women under 20 years
previous molar pregnancy greatest risk factor |
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what are the early signs and symptoms of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia?
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delayed menses (presumed pregnant)
abnormal uterine bleeding while presumed pregnant abdominal pain absence of fetal heartbeat uterine size large for gestational dates |
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What are the screening procedures for vulvar cancer?
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careful visual and pelvic inspection and examination
acetic acid staining and colposcopy may be used to evaluate any suspicious lesions. Cystoscopy and proctoscopy for advanced disease. |
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What are the risk factors for vulvar cancer?
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age - postmenopausal women at ages ranging from 65 to 75 years have peak incidence; 15% of cases occur in women younger than 40 years
history of HPV infections, vulvar inflammation, and other genitourinary (GU) cancers increased risk |
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What are the risk factors for vaginal cancer?
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** extremely rare cancer (1-2% of female GU cancers). More commonly a metastatic site for cervical cancer**
age - over age 60 personal history of maternal diethylstilbestrol use during pregnancy; should be screened for rare clear cell pathology prior history of invasive cervical carcinoma |
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What are the two types of testicular cancer?
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seminoma
nonseminoma germ cell tumors (embryonal 20%, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac, interstitial cell, and gonadal stromal tumors |
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________________ tumors are more aggressive than __________.
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nonseminoma germ cell tumors are more aggressive than pure seminomas; 60%-70% have lymph node spread at diagnosis
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What are the screening procedures for testicular cancer?
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monthly testicular self-exam
annual bimanual palpation and examination of the testes by the health care provider |
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What are the early signs and symptoms of testicular cancer?
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**usually absent**
asymptomatic mass gynecomastia infertility testicular fullness, heaviness, swelling, or pain |
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What are the late signs and symptoms of testicular cancer?
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back pain
bone pain respiratory distress |
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What are the risk factors for penile cancer?
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age 60 and older
penile hygiene practices - poor hygiene increases risk circumcision status - no circumcision increases risk |
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What are the early signs and symptoms of penile cancer?
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mass, nodule, or ulceration of the penis
foul-smelling penile discharge inguinal lymphadenopathy bleeding on the surface of the penis |
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What are the late signs and symptoms of penile cancer?
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fungating lesion of the penis
bone pain respiratory distress |
