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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acid
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A compound that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
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Alkaline/Base
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A compound that releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
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Atom
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The basic building block of all matter
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Boiling Point
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The temperature at which boiling occurs within a substance
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Brackish
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Water that is produced in areas where freshwater and seawater mix
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Buffering
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Protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too basic
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Calorie
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The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Centigrade/Celsius
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Chlorinity
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The amount of chloride ion and ions of other halogens in ocean water expressed in parts per thousand by weight
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Cohesion
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The intermolecular attraction by which the elements of a body are held together
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Condensation Point
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The highest temperature at which condensation occurs within a substance, this is the same temperature as the boiling point of water
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Condensation
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The conversion of water from the vapor to the liquid state
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Continental Effect
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Describes areas that are less affected by the sea and therefore having a greater range of temperature differences (both daily and yearly)
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Covalent Bond
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A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons, especially pairs of electrons, between atoms
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Deep Water
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The water beneath the permanent thermocline (and resulting pycnocline) that has a uniformly low temperature
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Desalination
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Salt removal from seawater
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Dipolar
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Having two poles
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Distillation
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A method of purifying liquids by heating them to their boiling point and condensing the vapor
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Electrolysis
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A separation process by which salt ions are removed from saltwater through water-impermeable membranes toward oppositely charged electrodes
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Electron
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A subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom and has a negative electric charge
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Evaporation
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The conversion of a liquid to a gas below the boiling point
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Freeze Separation
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The desalination of seawater by multiple episodes of freezing, rinsing, and thawing
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Freezing Point
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The temperature at which freezing occurs within a substance
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Halocline
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A layer of water in which a high rate of change in salinity in the vertical dimensions is present
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Heat
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The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature
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Heat Capacity
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The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Centigrade/Celsius
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Hydrogen Bond
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An intermolecular bond that forms within water because of the dipolar nature of water
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Hydrologic Cycle
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The cycle of water exchange among the atmosphere, land, and ocean through the processes of evaporation, precipitation, runoff, and subsurface percolation
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Hypersaline
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Waters that are highly or excessively saline
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Ion
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An atom that becomes electrically charged by gaining or losing one or more electrons
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Ionic Bond
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A chemical bond formed as a result of the electrical attraction
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Isopycnal
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Of the same density
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Isothermal
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Of the same temperature
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy of motion, which increases mass or speed of the object in motion increases
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Latent Heat of Condensation
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The heat energy that must be removed from one gram of a substance to convert it from a vapor at a given temperature below its boiling point, for water, it is 585 calories at 20 degrees Centigrade
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Latent Heat of Evaporation
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The heat energy that must be added to one gram of a liquid substance to convert it to a vapor at a given temperature below its boiling point, for water, it is 585 calories at 20 degrees Centigrade
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Latent Heat of Freezing
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The heat energy that must be removed from one gram of a substance at its melting point to convert it to a solid, for water, it is 80 calories
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Latent Heat of Melting
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The heat energy that must be added to one gram of a substance at its melting point to convert it to a liquid, for water, it is 80 calories
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Latent Heat of Vaporization
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The heat energy that must be added to one gram of a substance at its boiling point to convert it to a vapor, for water, it is 540 calories
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Marine Effect
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Describes locations that experience the moderating influences of the ocean, usually along coastlines or islands
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Melting Point
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The temperature at which melting occurs within a substance
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Mixed Surface Layer
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The surface layer of the ocean water mixed by wave and tidal motions to produce relatively isothermal and isohaline conditions
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Molecule
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A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons, it is the smallest form of a substance that can exist yet still retain the original properties of that substance
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Neutral
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A state in which there is no excess of either the hydrogen or the hydroxide ion
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Neutron
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An electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of atoms that has a mass approximately equivalent to that of a proton
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Nucleus
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The positively charged central region of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons and containing almost all of the mass of the atom
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Parts Per Thousand
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A unit of measurement used in reporting salinity of water equal to the number of grams of dissolved substances in 1000 grams of water
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pH Scale
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A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
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Polarity
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Intrinsic polar separation, alignment, or orientation, especially of a physical property (such as magnetic or electrical)
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Potential Energy
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The energy of a particle or system of particles derived from position, or condition, rather than motion
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Principle of Constant Proportions
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States that the major dissolved constituents responsible for the salinity of seawater occur nearly everywhere in the ocean in the exact same proportions, independent of salinity
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Proton
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A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of atoms that has a mass approximately equivalent to that of a neutron
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Pycnocline
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A layer of water in which a high rate of change in density in the vertical dimension is present
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Residence Time
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The average length of time that a substance resides in the ocean
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Reverse Osmosis
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A method of desalinating ocean water that involves forcing water molecules through a water-permeable membrane under pressure
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Runoff
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Stream discharge
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Salinity
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The total amount of solid material dissolved in water including dissolved gases but excluding dissolved organic substances
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Specific Heat
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The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Centigrade/Celsius
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Surface Tension
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The tendency for a surface of a liquid to contract owing to intermolecular bond attraction
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Temperature
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The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up a substance
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Thermal Contraction
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The reduction in size as a result of lowering of temperature
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Thermocline
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A layer of water beneath the mixed layer in which a rapid change in temperature can be measured in the vertical dimension
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Upper Water
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Area of the ocean near the surface that includes the mixed layer and the permanent thermocline, it is approximately the top 1000 meters/3300 feet of the ocean
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van der Waals Force
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A weak attractive force between molecules resulting from the interaction of one molecule and the electrons of another
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Vapor
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The gaseous state of a substance that is liquid or solid under ordinary conditions
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