Oceanography

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hydrosphere

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all water at or near earth’s surface (water vapor, ground water, lakes, rivers, polar icecaps and oceans) takes up most of the water 97%

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hydrologic cycle

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begins with evaporation of water from surface to ocean, water vapor condenses to form clouds, moisture is transported until it returns to surface as precipitation (rain), some water evaporates back into atmosphere or penetrate surface and become ground water, ground water either goes back into bodies of water or is released into atmosphere through transpiration.

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condensation

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conversion of vapor or gas to a liquid

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ice cap

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covering of ice over a larger area, in polar region

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ground water

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in constant motion, yet a slower rate than it would be if it were a stream

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evaporation

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changing of liquid into a gas

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solid

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all molecules linked in ridgid open crystalline structure T<0 degrees C

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heat capacity

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water-lower the temp= lower the heat input, greater the temp. higher the heat input

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density

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varies as a function of temp

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dissolved solids

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measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances

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salinity

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measure of amount of dissolved material in water after correcting for gasses and organic materials

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latent heat

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heat required to convert a solid into a liquid/vapor or liquid into a vapor without change of temp

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dissolved gasses

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mixture of gas and a solute

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hydrogen bond

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ways in which molecules link together into groups

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seawater

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major ions compose 99% of materials in seawater, gasses are added by diffusion and wave action. avg. density=1.025 gr/cc

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mixing

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heating in mid-latitudes and tropical causes mixing of a surface ocean

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freezing point

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temp at which a liquid turns into a solid when cooled

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water mass

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has characteristic rang of T, S, as water mass changes density it will sink/rise until it joins other water w/ similar density

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density

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warmer and less dense at surface, colder and denser at water depth

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water type

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temp and salinity combine to produce volumes of water with specific water characteristics

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thermohaline circulation

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changes in water temp and salinity alters water density; when density increases water sinks until it reaches comparable density

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antarctic intermediate water

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forms near antarctica by mixing of AABW with cold fresh water from ice melting; moves northward above AABW

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north atlantic deep water

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formed in the greenland sea by cooling of high salinity water; flows southward underneath gulf stream

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antarctic bottom water

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formed adjacent to antarctica by increasing salinity of cold water through ice formation; flows northward into all major oceans basins

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mediterranean intermediate water

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formed by evaporation of warm Med surface water; sinks to bottom, leaves through the gibraltar straits then moves across N. atlantic ocean

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red sea intermediate water

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flows southward in indian ocean to meet AAIW

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mineral

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naturally occurring, inorganic material with definite crystal structure and chemical composition

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diamond

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stone consisting of a clear and typically colorless crystalline form of pure carbon; hardest naturally occurring substance

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graphite

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gray, crystalline, allotropic form of carbon that occurs as a mineral in some rocks

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halite

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sodium chloride as a mineral; rock salt

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non-clastic

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chemically deposited

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rock

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an aggregate or mixture of crystals from one or more minerals

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crystal

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structure is due to the regular repeating patters of atoms that make up the chemical composition from cooling of magma

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igneous

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formed from cooling of magma

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sediment

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formed from the lithification of sediment

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sedimentary

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formed by lithification of sediment at the earth's surface

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magma

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lava at earths surface

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metamorphic

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formed by the alteration of other rocks through addition of heat/pressure

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rock cycle

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all rocks are constantly being altered and changed into other rocks

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weathering

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physical/chemical breakdown of rocks at the earths surface

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erosion

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process of removing unconsolidated earth material and transporting it to other depositional sites, ex; ocean

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relief

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highest and lowest elevation points in area

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clay

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forming an impermeable layer in the soil; sediment with particles smaller than slit

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soil

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upper layer of earth where plants grow, consisting of mixture of organic remains, clay and rock particles

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limestone

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non-foliated; recrystalized

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intrusive

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igneous rock form from magma forced into older rocks at depths within the earths crust, which solidifies below the earths surface

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extrusive

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rocks that cool quickly at or near earths surface

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granite

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hard, granular, crystalline, igneous rock

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basalt

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fine-grained volcanic rock

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clastic

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detrail

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lithogenous

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source-erosion of land, volcanic eruptions, blown dust; distribution-continental margins, abyssal plains, polar ocean floors

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biogenous

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source-organic, hard parts of marine organsism; distribution-dominant on deep ocean floor

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hydrogenous

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source-precipitation of dissolved minerals from water; distribution- present with other dominant sediments

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meteorite

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meteor that survives passaage through earths atmosphere

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red clay

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low sediment rate mixture, mostly lithogenous

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cosmogenous

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source-dust from space, meteorite debris

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gravel

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aggregation os fmall water worn stones

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sand

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loose granular substance resulting from erosion of siliceous and other rocks

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silt

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fine sand, caly or other material carried by running water and deposited as sediment

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clay

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stiff, sticky fine grained earth; forms an impermeable layer in the soil

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runoff

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the flow of water that occurs when excess water from rain or other sources flow over earths surface

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masswasting

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the geomorphic process by which soil, sand, and rock move downslope typically as a mass, largely under the force of gravity

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continental shelf

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shallow platforms surrounding land masses; developed by wave action, currents, glaciers

passive margin shelves= broad

active margin shelves= narrow/nonexisitant

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terrace

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ancient shelves uplifted/down warped by tectonics or sea level changes

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submarine canyon

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cut shelves/slopes and terminate in deep sea fans

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continental slope

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approx. equal to shelves in total area; wider on passive margins and narrow on active margins

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rise

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found between continetal slope and abyssal plain, underwater hill composed of accumulated sediments

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passive margin

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transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere, which is not an active plate margin

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active margin

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found on the leading edge of the continent where it is crashing into an oceanic plate; commonly the sites of tectonic activity

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landslide

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gravity is main force

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mudflow

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form of mass wasting involving very rapid flow of debris, becomes liquefied

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turbidity current

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current of rapidly moving, sediment laden water moving down a slope through water or another fluid; the currents moves because it has a higher density than the fluid through which it flows; driving force derives from sediment

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ooze

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deep sea; pelagic; sediment where 30% is composed of the skeletal remains of microscopic floating organisms

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deep sea fan

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comparable to deltas formed by rivers entering lakes/oceans, transports turbidity currents out onto continental rise/deep ocean basins; form the terminus of subrmarine canyons; fill trenches on active margins

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pelagic

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open deep sea

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manganese nodules

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rock concretions of sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and maganese hyroxides around a core

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hydrothermal vents

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a fissure in a plants surfece from which geo thermal heated water comes out of

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delta

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landform that forms at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, estuary, etc

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sea cliff

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represent erosional zone, erosion occurs from waves

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barrier beach

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typical where hurricanes are

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surf zone

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region of breaking waves

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swash zone

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turbulent layer of water that washes up on beach after wave broke

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berm

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nwarly horizontal portion of a beach on the back shore formed by the deposition of sediment by recedingw aves

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pocket beach

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typical along active margins with resistant bedrock headlands

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sea cave

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collapse causing landslides and break and form sea arches

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sea arch

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can expand and isolate healands into sea stacks

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longshore current

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caused when waves strike the beach at an angle; fromt part of the wave hits the shallow water first and slows down

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hurricane

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storm with violent wind

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groin

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ridged hydraulic structure build from ocean shore or from a bank that interrupts water flow

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sea wall

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an embankment to prevent erosion of a shoreline

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levee

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embankment built to prevent overflow of a river

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estuary

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semi closed embayment's open to the sea at one end and having signifcant river input; all have sea water entering at depth, mixing with riverine freshwater

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lagoon

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stretch of sal water separated from the sea

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fjord

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al long, narrow, deep inlet of sea between high cliffs, typically formed by glaciated valley

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brackish

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slightly salty, as is the mixture of river water and seawater in estuaries

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headland

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narrow piece of land that projects from coastline into the sea

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littoral drift

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process by which beach sediment is moved along the shoreline

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chlorophyll

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green pigment present in all green plants responsible for absorption of light

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kingdom

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largest divisions of living things

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phylum

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category that ranks above class and below kingdom

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class

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lowest division of living things

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metaphytes

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multicellular plant

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metazoans

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an animal of the metazoa division

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protists

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a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular and less often multicellular

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copepod

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small microscopic aquatic crustacean of large class copepoda

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zooplankton

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plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals

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kelp

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large brown seaweed that typically has long, tough stalk with a broad frond divided into strips

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diatom

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single-celled algae that has a cell wall of silica

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phytoplankton

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plankton consisting of microscopic plants

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littoral

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wave/intertidal zone

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neritic

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sub tidal shelf

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pelagic

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inhabiting upper layers of open sea

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photic

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layers of the ocean reached by sufficent sunlight to allow plant growth

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aphotic

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portiono f a lakeor ocean where there is little to no sunlight

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abyssal

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layer that contains deep sea biomes

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plankton

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organisms that float suspended in the water column and have insufficient swimming apparatus to avoid transport by water currents

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nekton

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strongly swimming organisms like fish, mammals, squid

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benthos

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organisms that live in intimate association with the ocean bottom

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benthis

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ecologial region at the lowest level of body water of ocean or lake

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osteichtyes

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class of bony fishes

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chondrichthyes

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class of cartilage fishes and jaws

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filter feeder

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sweep through water and capture organisms in their path that aren't too large

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browser

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scrape food off surfaces

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deposit feeder

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eat sediment , organic material/ small organism from sediment

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biomass

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measure of stored energy

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heterotroph

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occupy higher tropic levels feeding on plants/ each other

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autotroph

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originate each food chain and represent lowest producer in trophic level

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pelgaic

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open/deep sea

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neritic

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shallow part of sea near a coast and overlying the continental shelf

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diatoms

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single celled algae that has a cell wall of silica

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foraminifera

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single celled planktonic animal with a perforated chalky shell through which slender protrusions of protoplasm extend; shells form thick ocean floor sediments

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zooplankton

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plankton consisting of small animals

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krill

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shrimp like planktonic of open sea

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benthos

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flor/fauna found on bottom of bodies of water

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epifaunal

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benthic fauna living on the substrate or on other organisms

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sessile benthic

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bottom dwellers that dont move

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infaunal

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benthic animals that live in the substrate of a body of water; deeper/sub tidal waters