Ocean Test Chapter 9 And 10

Front 1

marine vertebrates

Back 1

those vertebrates that are hypotonic to their environment

Front 2

cartilaginous fish

Back 2

fishes in which the skeleton may be calcified but not ossified

Front 3

bony fish

Back 3

member of a group of fishes with skeletons made mainly of bone

Front 4

ray fin

Back 4

fan-shaped arrangement of bones in a fish's fin

Front 5

heterocercal caudal fin

Back 5

fin employed to produce the thrust that results in forward movement that has a large dorsal lobe and a smaller ventral lobe with the vertebral column projecting into the dorsal lobe (TAIL FIN)

Front 6

cruisers

Back 6

Fish that constantly cruise pelagic waters in search of food.

Front 7

countershading

Back 7

protective coloration in an animal or insect, characterized by darker coloring of areas exposed to light and lighter coloring of areas that are normally shaded

Front 8

schooling

Back 8

Tendency of small fish of a single species, size, and age to mass in groups. The school moves as a unit, which confuses predators and reduces the effort spent for mates

Front 9

camouflage

Back 9

the act of concealing the identity of something by modifying its appearance

Front 10

functional biodiversity

Back 10

biological and chemical processes (energy flow and matter cycle) needed for survival of species, communities

Front 11

kelp forests

Back 11

coastal ocean community named for its dominant organism-kelp, a giant brown alga

Front 12

giant kelp

Back 12

An example of Brown Algae that grows to more than 60 meters in length

Front 13

bull kelp

Back 13

Nereocytis luetkeana) Kingdom Stramenopila; Phylum Phaeophyta
Energy: photosynthesis
Reproduction: grows from spore to maturity in single year; reproduce by spores in spore patches called sori, which are heavy and fall to the ocean floor
Fun Fact: bull kelp forests provide protection and a home for young fishes and invertebrates

Front 14

otters

Back 14

furry, weasel-like mammal that lives near the water.

Front 15

lobsters

Back 15

rnivorous bottomdwellers that walk along the sea floor on their 8 legs, looking for fish or mollusks to eat

Front 16

sea urchins

Back 16

echinoderms with no arms, movable spines cover and protect their bodies so they look a little like pincushions

Front 17

orcas

Back 17

predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin

Front 18

endangered species

Back 18

species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction

Front 19

marine protected areas

Back 19

areas of ocean partially protected from human activities

Front 20

national marine sanctuaries

Back 20

Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, territorial, tribal or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection to part or all of the natural or cultural resources therein." Some examples of Marine Protected Areas include National Marine Sanctuaries, national parks, and wildlife refugees

Front 21

national monuments

Back 21

International Categories of Public Lands

Front 22

euthrophication

Back 22

fertilizer gets into water and kills the plants which creates dead zones that have no life in them

Front 23

bioaccumulation

Back 23

the build up of a substance (usually a toxin) as it passes through a food chain

Front 24

biomagnifcations

Back 24

levels of pollution increase as you move up the pryamid

Front 25

dead zones

Back 25

location which have a build up of high levels of excess nutrients that lead to additional heterotrophs using O2 and the death of fish.

Front 26

ddt

Back 26

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been widely used as a pesticide but is now banned in some countries

Front 27

pcbs

Back 27

heavy metal toxin that can harm fetal nervous tissue

Front 28

mercury

Back 28

heavy metal toxin that can harm fetal nervous tissue

Front 29

crest

Back 29

the highest point of a wave

Front 30

trough

Back 30

the lowest point of a wave

Front 31

wave height

Back 31

the vertical distance from the crest of a wave to the trough

Front 32

wavelength

Back 32

the distance (measured in the direction of propagation) between two points in the same phase in consecutive cycles of a wave

Front 33

wave period

Back 33

the time interval between the passage of successive crests at a stationary point

Front 34

wave base

Back 34

the depth corresponding to about one-half wavelength, below which water is unaffected by surface waves

Front 35

shallow water wave

Back 35

wave that occurs in an area where the depth of the water is equal to 1/20 or less of the wavelength

Front 36

shallow water wave

Back 36

a wave that occurs in an area where the depth of the water is equal to 1/20 or less of the wavelength

Front 37

fetch

Back 37

the distance that the wind has traveled across open water

Front 38

fully developed seas

Back 38

sea for which the input of energy to the waves from the local wind is in balance with the transfer of energy among the different wave components, and with the dissipation of energy by wave breaking.

Front 39

ocean swells

Back 39

gentle, rolling waves that may appear even during calm weather

Front 40

constructive interference

Back 40

the interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude

Front 41

destructive interference

Back 41

the interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude

Front 42

wave refraction

Back 42

the bending of waves so that they move nearly parallel to the shoreline

Front 43

plunging

Back 43

Type of breaker w/ curling crest that moves over an air pocket (particles in crest outrun wave); resulted from moderately steep beach slope

Front 44

surging breakers

Back 44

very steeply sloped shore, waves that break at the last second or don't break at all, very destructive because they are carrying a lot of energy

Front 45

longshore curent

Back 45

water current that travels near and parallel to the shoreline.

Front 46

longshore drift

Back 46

the movement of water and sediment down a beach caused by waves coming in to shore at an angle

Front 47

rip current

Back 47

strong surface current flowing outwards from a shore

Front 48

what is california's state marine fish? marine mammal?

Back 48

golden trout; gray whale

Front 49

How to cartilaginous and bony fish differ in terms of skeleton and swim bladders?

Back 49

The teleosts have an 'ossified' internal skeleton, meaning it is made of calcified bone, just like ours. Sharks and their relatives have a skeleton made of cartilage, the same lightweight, flexible connective tissue found around our joints and the flexible part of our nose.
The upper jaw of a shark is not attached to the skull as it is in bony fish and can move independently. Some bony fish also have a secondary set of jaws, pharyngeal jaws, which are used to further breakdown food, an element absent from sharks.
The skull of a shark is made of only 10 cartilaginous elements while a bony fish skull has about 63 bones.
Bony fish have pleural ribs formed from dermal bone and sharks lack these ribs.
Unlike bony fish that have a protective bony plate covering their vulnerable gills, the gill slits of a shark are

Front 50

What type of fish are sharks, rays and skates?

Back 50

cartilage

Front 51

How does the heterocercal tail fin help sharks?

Back 51

This allows more efficient locomotion among these negatively buoyant cartilaginous fishes

Front 52

Tunas are ocean cruisers - what type of tail fin allows them to maintain this lifestyle?

Back 52

caudal fin

Front 53

Groupers have tail fins adapted for what lifestyle?

Back 53

lunger; catching fish

Front 54

Countershading involves what type of coloration on top and bottom of fish

Back 54

dark-colored on top and light-colored on bottom. When viewed from below, an animal's lighter belly would blend in with the lighter sky above. When viewed from above, its darker back would blend in with the ocean bottom underneath

Front 55

What is the term for close interaction (mutually beneficially) of two biological species

Back 55

symbiosis

Front 56

What are the most important primary producers in coral reefs? Rocky intertidal? Kelp
forests?

Back 56

algae, phytoplankton

Front 57

What is the primary kelp type found in kelp forests of northern Pacific waters?

Back 57

giant

Front 58

What is the primary kelp type found in kelp forests of southern California waters

Back 58

bull

Front 59

How has the overfishing of sharks impacted the ray populations of the Eastern US
coastline? How has that impacted shellfish?

Back 59

rays increase in numbers and their prey then plummets

Front 60

What type of waters are required for kelp forests?

Back 60

cool nutrient-rich water from depth to the ocean's mixed surface layer.[8] Water flow and turbulence facilitate nutrient assimilation across kelp fronds throughout the water column.[9] Water clarity affects the depth to which sufficient light can be transmitted. In ideal conditions, giant kelp (Macrocystis spp.) can grow as much as 30-60 centimeters vertically per day.

Front 61

How do El Nino years impact kelp forests of S. Cal?

Back 61

El Niño effects can be devastating to kelp. High waves from the storms produced during El Niño tear the canopy and rip up holdfasts causing massive damage to the structure of the kelp forests

Front 62

What organism can overgraze kelp forests? What organisms keeps the grazers in check in the northern Pacific waters? In the southern California waters?

Back 62

urchins; otter predation on invertebrates (urchins) protected kelps from overgrazing; spiny lobster sheephead

Front 63

Why do fish and some invertebrates types differ in the southern California Bight as
compared to Central California and northward?

Back 63

Here, subtropical waters flow north close to the shore, while subarctic waters flow south offshore

Front 64

What major river in the US has a anthropogenic dead zone near its mouth?

Back 64

mississippi

Front 65

What organisms are being reestablished in estuaries to improve water quality?

Back 65

oysters

Front 66

What are the three major persistent pollutants discussed in class which biomagnify up
the food chain?

Back 66

Polychlorinated Biphenyls
•Insecticide DDT
•mercury

Front 67

What local fish is critically endangered and protected (it likes kelp forests)?

Back 67

ck abalone giant sea bass

Front 68

What type of tuna is critically endangered?

Back 68

bluefin

Front 69

What are examples of short-period ocean waves? Long-period ocean waves?

Back 69

Short period waves (seconds/minutes) = wind waves, capillary waves; Long period waves (hours/days) = tides, tsunami

Front 70

Order capillary waves, tsunami and wind waves from longest wave period to shortest From longest wavelength to shortest wavelength.

Back 70

wind, cap, tsu; tsunami, wind, capilary

Front 71

How is the base of a wave related to it's wavelength?

Back 71

Deep water wave
-Ocean water is deeper than the wave base
depth is greather then 1/2 wl
Shallow water wave
-Ocean water is shallower than the wave base
-Water is moving at wave bottom - friction effects
depth is less then l/2

Front 72

Given depth of the ocean which of the three wave types (capillary, wind wave, tsunami)
will always be a shallow wave?

Back 72

tsunami

Front 73

How does the wave speed vary with wavelength in deep-water waves?

Back 73

longer period waves tend to be larger and faster

Front 74

At what depth from the water surface is the wave base?

Back 74

half the wl

Front 75

What are the factors which will control the maximum wave height in fully developed
seas?

Back 75

Maximum size possible under given speed and fetch, reached after some duration

Front 76

Long period, uniform waves propagating away from the storm center are called

Back 76

chaotic

Front 77

What are the factors which will control the maximum wave height in fully developed
seas?

Back 77

Maximum size possible under given speed and fetch, reached after some duration

Front 78

Groups of fast moving waves traveling in packets are called ______________

Back 78

wave trains

Front 79

How are ocean swells from N. Pacific storms affected upon encountering the Southern
California Bight?

Back 79

Wave Shadow of Pt Conception and Refraction/Diffraction around Shallows

Front 80

Wave crests are bent as they move into shallow water in a process called

Back 80

plunging

Front 81

What controls the speed of shallow-water waves?

Back 81

depth

Front 82

What happens to a wave's wavelength, speed and height as it approaches shallower
water (shoals)?

Back 82

wl decreases, height increases, speed decreases

Front 83

Due to wave refraction, how does the amount of wave energy vary between coastal
headlands and bays?

Back 83

bending and slowing of waves

Front 84

What type of beach slope produces: spilling breakers, surging breakers, plunging
breakers

Back 84

gentle spilling, steep surging, moderate plunging

Front 85

What are point breaks, reef breaks, beach breaks? Understand in terms of wave
refraction.

Back 85

Reef break = imagine a wave approaching a shallow stretch of reef surrounded by fairly deep water. As the wave hits the reef it slows down. The sections of the wave to the left and to the right of the reef continue at the same speed and bend toward the shallow section. Focuses all energy toward the middle and is called concave refraction or focusing. The result is a bigger and more powerful wave.
•Point break = picture a headland sticking out with deep water bay to its side. As the swell approaches land, the wave hitting the point will slow down and the section going over the deep water will not lose any speed. The wave will bend away from the deep water, toward the point.
Beach break = Now let's think of a beach with various sandbars running along its length. Using the laws of refraction, we can expect the waves to focus on the sandbars (shallow water) and lose energy in the deeper areas (channels). This scenario results in various peaks up and down the beach

Front 86

The presence of what feature offshore of La Jolla affects wave refraction resulting in The presence of what feature offshore of La Jolla affects wave refraction resulting in

Back 86

scripps pier

Front 87

What tectonic boundary produces the most ocean-wide tsunami?

Back 87

subdociton zone

Front 88

What caused the tsunami originating in Indonesia in 2004? Japan in 2011?

Back 88

earthquake

Front 89

In what country did the largest historical earthquake occur which generated a Pacificwide
tsunami?

Back 89

indonessia

Front 90

Capillary waves grow into gravity waves as more energy is added by the wind. t or f

Back 90

true

Front 91

The low point of a wave is the trough. t or f

Back 91

true

Front 92

The period is the time required for a wavelength to pass a stationary point. t or f

Back 92

true

Front 93

Shallow-water waves create circular orbital motion in the water all the way to the sea floor. t or f

Back 93

true

Front 94

The group speed is exactly twice the wave speed in deep water.

Back 94

false

Front 95

Tsunamis are unrelated to the tides. t or f

Back 95

false

Front 96

Tsunamis travel as shallow-water waves in the open ocean. t or

Back 96

true

Front 97

Waves transport large volumes of water across great distances. t or f

Back 97

falsed

Front 98

Intersecting waves always cancel each other out. t or f

Back 98

false

Front 99

The speed of a wave is equal to

Back 99

length/period

Front 100

The most common generating force for ocean waves is

Back 100

wind

Front 101

The horizontal distance between two successive crests or troughs is the

Back 101

wl

Front 102

the storm area, the surface is a jumble of confused waves called a _______.

Back 102

choatic