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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gnomon |
Navigation aid used by Christopher Colombus Measures latitude |
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Royal Society of London |
Financed early scientific voyages Robert Boyle |
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Voyage of H.M.S Challenger |
Signaled beginning of oceanography |
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Most abundant gases in the universe |
Hydrogen (H2) and Helium (He) |
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Energy Reaction in Sun |
H+H->He |
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Melting of iron in the Earth |
Occurred 4.5-5 billion years ago Led to complete melting of the Earth |
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Feldspar |
Mineral more often found in crust of Earth vs mantle |
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First organisms on Earth were... |
Single cell organisms with DNA |
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Asthenosphere |
Fluid layer of Earth's crust |
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Benioff Zone |
Zone of downward sloping coast Evidence of convergent plate boundraries |
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Spreading rate at divergent plate boundraries |
2-10 cm/year |
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Magnetometer |
Used to determine topography of ocean bottom |
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Continental Slope |
Dropoff from continental shelf Steep slope |
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PH Levels |
Less than 7 is Acidic, Over is Basic |
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Dominant Sources of Salts in Seawater |
Volcanic Activity and Weathering |
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Special Properties of Water |
High boiling point High Heat Capacity High melting point High dissolving power |
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What does not vary from place to place in oceans? |
Ratio of Na+/Cl- |
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Addition of salt to water causes changes to |
Melting point Heat capacity Speed of Sound Boiling Point |
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Potassium |
Major element in seawater |
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Physical Oceanography |
Study of motions in the oceans and their causes |
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Who discovered the Northwest Passage? |
Roald Amundsen |
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The Big Bang Occured... |
13.8 million years ago |
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Miller Urey Expiriment |
Showed simple organic compounds could be formed from early Earth atmosphere components |
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Convection Cureents |
Occur in lithosphere and move crust |
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Are Volcanic Ridges and Rises found at divergent plate boundaries? |
No, convergent |
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Abyssal Plains |
Cover over 50% of Earths surface Deep ocean floor |
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Emperor Seamount Chain |
Result of plate motion Located at the big island of Hawaii |
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Carbonic Acid (H2C03) |
Main buffer of seawater ph |
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Seawater Density |
More dense than fresh and pure water |
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Which force always acts in a vertical direction? |
Buoyant Force |
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Absorbed Radiation |
Generates heat in the atmosphere |
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Lowest salinity in the oceans occur in |
Polar Regions |
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Ekman Transport of Water |
Driven by wind 90 degrees to right in northern 90 degrees to left in southern |
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Geostrophic Flow |
Balance between Pressure Gradient and Coriolis Force |
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Gulf Stream |
Atlantic ocean current originating in Gulf of Mexico Faster due to Westward intensifacation |
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Antarctic Circumpolar Current |
Flows west to east around Antarctica Goes through Atlantic, Pacific,and Indian Oceans Carries more water than any other current |
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When two water masses are mixed the density will be... |
Higher than either of the original |
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Most dense water mass? |
Antarctic Bottom Water |
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Pycnocline |
Separates circulation of surface waters from deep waters |
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Norwegian Sea |
Sinking of water in this body leads to deep water movement in the Atlantic,Pacific, and Indian |
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Motion of water in ocean waves is... |
Oscillatory |
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As a wave approaches shore... |
Wave height increases Water motion becomes elliptical |
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What direction is wave energy directed towards in nearshore areas? |
Towards the headland |
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Capillary Waves |
Formed with early wind movement Wave travel along the phase boundary of fluid |
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Berm |
A flat strip of land or terrace bordering a river/canal |
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Tides |
Shallow water waves Influenced by moon distance, water depth, wind |
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Spring and Neap Tides |
Twice a month |
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Tsunami Tide |
Seismic sea wave Not experienced in near shore areas |
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Fjord |
Almost always a river plume or salt wedge estuary Norway yo |
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Salt wedge Estuary |
Least mixed of all estuaries High salinity at bottom Flow-Toward ocean at surface and toward river at bottom |
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Turbidity Maxima (ETM) |
Largely caused by breaking of internal waves in estuaries Not found in homogeneous estuaries |
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Areas of Low Precipitation |
30N and 30S North and South Poles |
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Net Movement of Ocean Water |
Atlantic to Pacific Near Bottom Pacific to Atlantic Near Surface |
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Intertropical Convergence Zone |
Encircles Earth near the equator NE and SE tradewinds come together |
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Weddel Sea |
Part of the Arctic Southern Ocean Freezing of ice here leads to net increase in salinity |
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Restoring Forces |
Surface Tension for Shallow Air Pressure for Deep |
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Perpendicular Angle with Moon and Sun |
Four High Tides and Four Low Tides |
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Hadal Zone |
Deepest zone in ocean |
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Calcium Carbonate Shells |
Found on snails, clams, oysters |
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Fringing Reef |
Directly connected to land |
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Seaweed is classified by... |
Photosynthetic Pigments |
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Pelagic Organisms |
Spend majority of life in water column |
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Mixotrophic |
Radiolaria Organisms Energy from various sources |
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Epifauna |
Organisms that live life at bottom of the ocean |
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Benthic Organisms |
Live on ocean floor Include all kingdoms on earth |
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Equatorial Surface Waters |
Common plankton grounds |
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Euphotic, Disphotic, Aphotic |
Photo,Vision No photo, Vision No photo no vision |
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Euryhaline |
Organisms able to adapt to wide varities of salinity Found in nearshore areas |
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Seasonal Thermocline |
Leads to low productivity in near shore areas when present |
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Where are the highest average levels of primary productivity during the summer? |
Polar Regions |
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Spartina Alterniflora |
Found in low marsh/creek beds in salt marshes No difference in "tall" and "short" species |
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Primary Producers in Salt Marshes |
Cord Grass,Chemoatotorphs, Phytoplankton NOT COPEPODS |
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Chemoautotrophic bacteria |
The primary producer in hydrothermal vents Use Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and Oxygen (O2) to generate energy |
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Iron monosulfide |
Lead to black smoke |
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What element has a long residence time in oceans? |
Chlorine |
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Concentration of nutrients in bottom water increases from while ph decreases from... |
Atlantic to Pacific |
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Meroplankton |
Live among plankton for portion of life Usually graduate to nekton or live in benthic enviroments |
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Sedentary Organisms |
Organisms that live life in one place |
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Seaweed vs Grass |
Seaweed usually lacks a well defined root system compared to grass |
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Stenohaline |
Organism that cannot tolerate wide salinity range Not salmon |
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Homeothermic |
Organism maintaining consistent body temp, land and water organisms similar |
