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140 Cards in this Set
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obstetrician/gynecologist ob/gyn physician specialized training in care of women during preg labor delivery other gyn health issues
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family physician
FP physician specialized primary care including obstetrics |
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Nurse practitioner
nurses specialized training primary care/obstetrics |
certified nurse midwife CNM
nurse women low-risk pregnancies independent or with doctors |
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perinatologist
ob diagnosis treatment of complications pregnancy/childbirth maternal fetal specialists |
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amniotic sac
thin-walled sac surrounds fetuss during preg fluid made by fetus and amnion (membrane covers fetal side of placenta) protects injury temp |
anus
opening at end of anal canal |
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cervix
lower part of uterus projects into vagina fibrous tissue muscle circular |
fetus unborn baby from 8th week after fertilization
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placenta organ flat cake grows during preg metabolic interchange fetus sand mom oygen food other
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umbilical cord
rope-like cord connecting fetus to placenta contains 2 arteries vein carry oxygen nutrients to fetus |
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uterine wall
wall of uterus |
uterus womb
hollow pearo-shaped organ lower ab between bladder and rectum sheds lining each month |
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vagina
part of female genitals behind bladder in front of rectum forms canal from uterus and vulva |
amni/o amnion
lact/o milk nat/o birth pelv/i pelvis vagin/o vagina -cyesis pregnancy -para give birth -tocia labor |
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pregnancy divided 3 phases trimesters
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1st trimester most fragile period all major organs and systems formed
most birth defects/miscarriages occur |
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2nd/3rd trimester fetus sfully formed grows and matures rapidly
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1st 0-12
2nd 12-24 3rd 24-40 weeks |
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some use
42 weeks divided by 3 with |
1st 0-13
2nd 14-28 3rd 29-42 weeks |
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prenatal care with physician for entire duration of pregnancy
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prenatal exams
every month 1st week - 28 every 2 weeks from 29th - 36 weekly from 37th until delivery |
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additional scheduling if preexisssting medical cocnditions twins diabetes
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all tested for Rh factor during early weeks of preg
mother Rh-neg father Rh-positive and fetus Rh-positive |
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mother may produce antibodies against Rh-positive fetus leads to anemia in fetus
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incompatibility problems monitored and med treatment available prevent formation of Rh antibodies during preg
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prenatal care
prepare mother to be for delivery of healthy baby tests performed to assess any potential risks monitor growth devel of fetus |
first prenatal visit
personal medical history weight measurement blood pressure measurement of uterus physical exam fetal heart rate prenatal screening tests previous and current medical conditions current meds previous surgeries |
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1st prenatal visit
maternal paternal family history personal gynecological ob history menstrual hist stillbirths miscaariage |
education
nutrition exercise avoid alcohol drugs tobacco domestic violence |
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pelvic exam
note size and position of uterus determine age of fetus check pelvic bone size structure Pap test abnormal cells |
lab tests
urine tests bacteria sugar pro blood test blood type blood screening test diseases rubella genetic tests inherited disease sickle-cell anemia Tay Sachs screening tests infectious diseases STDs |
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1st trimester
all major body organs and systems of fetus forming |
ebryo implants son uterine wall
amniotic sac surounds fetus made by fetus and amnion covers fetal side of placenta protects regulate temp |
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placenta ***
organ flat cake attaches uterine wall villi fetal blood vessels grow from umbilical cord into villi exchanging nourishment and waste with mother's blood fetal blood vessels separated from mother's blood by thin membrane |
umbilical cord***
rope-like cord connecting fetus to placenta 2 arteries and vein carry oxygen and nutrueint to fetus sand waste products away from fetus |
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during first trimester fetus susceptible to damage from substances alcohol drugs med illnesses
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most dramatic changes and development first trimester first 8 weeks embryo by end of that time weighs 1/2-1 ounce 3-4 inches
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end of 4 weeks***
all major systems organs form embryo looks tadpole neural tube brain and spinal cord digestive system heart circ system form beginnings of eyes ears develop tiny limb buds appear heart beats |
end of 8 weeks***
all body systems continue to develop function circulatory nervous digestive urinary sys embryo human shape mouth develop tooth buds eyes nose mouth ears more distinct arms legs visible fingers toes webbed be distinguished main organs develop hear baby's heart with Doppler bones begin develop nose and jaws developing embryo constant motion cannot be felt |
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after 8 weeks
embryo referred to fetus offspring 1-1 1/2 inches all major organs systems formed |
9-12 weeks***
external genital organs developed eyelids formed fetal movement increases arms legs fully formed voice box larnx forms in trachea |
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fetus most vulnerables first 12 weeks all major organs systems forming bedamaged if fetus exposed to drugs germ measles radiation tobacco chem and toxic substances
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enen though organs body sys fully formed end of 12 weeks fetus cannot survive independently
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Changes in Mom to be
mammary glands enlarge swell and tender estrogens and progesterones |
areolas*** enlarge darken covered with white bumps Montgomery's tubercles enlarged sweat glands
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veins ***more prominent on surface of breasts
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uterus ****growing begins to press on woman's bladder urinate more
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hormones mood swings irritability others
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hormones cause morning sickness nausea vomiting***
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constipation**** growing uterus presses on rectum and intestines
muscular contractions in intestines help move food digestive tract slowed high levels of progesterone heartburn indigestion constipation gas |
clothes tighter ab increases
fatigue physical emotional demands cardiac volume increases *****40-50% beginning to end of preg increased pulse rate |
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Kegel exercises
pelvic floor exercises help tone muscle in vagina and perineum |
Tighten muscles around vagina/anus
hold muscles 8-10 seconds relax muscles tighten and relax several times a day |
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SECOND TRIMESTER
all major organs and systems have formed in fetus next six months fetus becomes baby and grow weight will 7x*** |
13-16 ***inches 2-3 pounds
fetal development includes: |
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fetus kicks****** moves turn side to side
can hear mother's voice*** eyes in front*** ears to side of head |
creamy white*** substance vernix caseosa appears on fetus protects thin fetal skin gradually absorbed
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develops reflexes swallowing and sucking****
fetus respond to stimuli placenta fully developed |
brain undergoes important growth from 5th month on
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fingernails*** on fingers and toes fully separated
goes through cycles sleep*** and wakefulness |
skin wrinkly red soft downy hair lanugo***
hair growing on head fat*** forms on fetus |
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eyelids open eyebrows and lashes visible
fingerprints/toeprints formed rapid growth |
20th*** week halfway point
if born at 24*** weeks may survive in a neonatal intensive care unit |
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CHANGES IN MOM'S BODY
most physically enjoyable 2nd trimester |
no more morning sickness, fatigue*** breast tenderness
decrease in human chorionic gonadotropin hCG adjustment estrogen progesterone |
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appetite may increase
feel movement of fetus quickening 20 weeks*** |
uterus grown to height belly** button pregnancy visible
skin on belly may itch pain sides of body uterus ***stretches lower ab*** ache ligaments stretch to support uterus |
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need to urinate may decrease uterus grows out of pelvic cavity less pressure on bladder
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mother's nose congested nosebleeds increase in hormones es/pro affect mucous membranes in nose
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gums spongier bleed easily increases in hormones mucous mem in mouth
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varicose veins hemorrhoids*** appear
white-colored vaginal discharge leukorrhea*** colored or bloody=complications |
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weight gain = backaches***
skin pigmentation*** may change on face or abdomen pregnancy hormones |
heart burn indigestion and constipation*** continues
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3rd TRIMESTER 8-40 week
lungs maturing fetus posistions head-down end of tri 19-21 inchess long 6-9 pounds |
fetus see and hear***
brain*** continues develop kidneys lungs*** mature 36th ***week head engage drop into pelvic area called lightening |
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bones of skull*** remain soft easier pass birth canal
irises slate blue*** real color not appear several days or weeks*** |
fetus suck thumb cry***
38-40 weeks lanugo ***disappeared almost totally covered in vernix caseosa*** vernix protective coating on skin head usually turn downward ***last couple of weeks |
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CHANGES TO MOM
3rd trimester more uncomfortable due date nears difficulty taking deep breaths or sleep others free from discomfort |
CHANGES AND SYMPTOMS TO MOM
increased skin temp fetus radiates body heat mother hot*** urinary frequency pressure on bladder*** |
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blood pressure decrease*** fetus presses main vein returns blood to heart
swelling of ankles hands face edema*** retain fluids |
hair grows on arms legs and face increase/courser*** hormone stimulation hair follicles
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leg cramps frequent***
Braxton-Hicks*** contractions false labor stretch marks appear on ab breast thighs buttocks*** |
Colostrum ***fluid in breasts nourishes baby until breast milk available leak nipples
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dry itchy skin persist on ab*** skin grows and stretches
skin pigmentation*** dark patches skin on face |
constipation heartburn indigestion*** continue
increased leukorrhea contain more mucus*** |
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backaches persist increase intensity***
hemorrhoids persist increase severity*** |
varicose veins*** in legs persist increase severity
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POSSIBLE LABOR COMPLICATIONS
fetal meconium amniotic sac membrane ruptures normal color clear **greenish or brown fetal meconium normally baby's first bowel movement fetal distress |
abnormal fetal heart rate
120-160*** bpm normal when contractions*** occur if in distres give mom oxygen increas fluids change mom's position |
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abnormal position fetus
normal birth head-down facing mom's back ***if not delivery more difficult |
ABNORMAL FETAL POSITIONS
head down but facing front face down in mom's pelvis instead of top of head |
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brow down in mom's pelvis
breech butt down first |
one shoulder in mom's pelvis
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SYMPTOMS OF DISCOMFORT
nausea/vomiting half first trimester sometimes full preg aggravated by stress traveling certain foods protein/fat lessen by eating small more often carbs vegies severe hyperemesis gravidarum dehydration intavenous fluids nutrition |
fatique blood volume other fluids increase body works provide nourishing environment
anemea can cause fatigue anemia=reduction on oxygen carried through bloodstream rbc's |
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hemorrhoids***
increased pressure on rectum perineum constipation*** |
varicose veins
swollen purple*** veins common in legs around vaginal opening late preg caused by pressure on legs and pelvic veins increased blood volume |
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heartburn indigestion***
pressure on intestines stsomach pushes contents up esophagus eating smaller meals don't lie down |
bleeding gums
more spongy blood flow increases |
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Pica***
rare craving to eat substances dirt clay or coal nutritional deficiency |
swelling/flluid retention
mild swelling common severe preeclampsia*** high blood pressure lying on left side elevate legs shoes |
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skin changes
hormone levels brown blotchy patches may occur mask of pregnancy chloasma skin around nipples dark line middle of ab |
stretch marks
pinkish marks abs breasts thighs buttocks*** rapid increase in weight marks fade |
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yeast infections
hormones leukorrhea*** thick whitish discharge itching |
congested bloody nose
lining of respiratory*** tract receives more blood congestion small blood vessels damaged increased blood pressure nosebleeds |
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constipation
pressure on rectum*** intestines interfere digestion bowel movements hormones slow down food processed fluids exercise fiber |
backache
weight increases balance*** changes staining back pelvic joints loosen proper posture lifting techs reduce strain |
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dizziness
low blood pressure uterus compressing major arteries low blood surgar low iron*** quickly moving from sitting to standing |
headaches
hormones = headaches 1st trimester*** rest nutrition fluid alleviate headache symptoms |
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WARNING SIGNS DURING PREGNANCY
bleeding or leaking fluid from vagina*** blurry/impaired vision*** |
unusual/severe ab pain backaches***
frequent severe continuous headaches*** |
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contractions
decrease in baby's*** movements dizziness fever over 100 ***degrees |
pain/burning urination***
strong cramps swelling face fingers feet*** chills |
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inability tolerate foods liquids***
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muscular convulsions***
excessive vomiting diarrhea*** |
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LABOR AND DELIVERY
continuous progressive contractions of uterus help cervix open dilate thin efface labor starts 2 weeks before or after date of delivery no one know what triggers onset of labor |
signs of labor
bloody show mucus mixed with blood contractions uterine muscle spasms less than 10min apart rupture of amniotic sac membranes bag of waters within 24 hours labor if not induced prevent infections |
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FIRST STAGE LABOR**
latent phase 5-20min apart cevix dilates 3-4cm effaces longest least intense |
second phase of first stage
active phase dilatation of cervix 4-7cm contractions longer severe frequent 3-4 min |
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third phase of first stage
transistion cervix 8-10 cm contractions strong lasting 60-90 seconds every few minutes |
SECOND stage
cervix completely opened ends with delivery of baby pushing stage baby's head visible at opening of vagina crowning 30 minutes to 2 hours first preg |
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THIRD stage***
after baby delivered delivery of placenta lasts few minutes passage of placenta out of uterus |
each labor different time varies first 12-14 hours
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INDUCTION LABOR
mother/fetus risk pregnancy continued too far past due date |
mom has preeclampsia eclampsia chronic hypertension
diagnosis poor growth fetus |
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techniques of induction
vaginal suppositories prostaglandin hormone stimulalte contracions |
IV infusion of oxytocin hormone pituitary gland
rupturing artificially amniotic sac membranes |
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relaxation techniques sused during labor natural childbirth no meds breathing techniques
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medical staff perform exam of abdomen size position of fetus exam of cervix***
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check
blood pressure weight temp frequency intensity contractions fetal heart rate urine blood*** samples |
IV fluids given prevent dehydration** meds** or epidural*** anesthesia
fetus monitored fetal heart rate*** |
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PAIN MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
choice determined by patient family preference*** health of patient*** health of fetus*** physician's recommendation*** |
3 main types of pain management
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nonmedicated measures
natural childbirth |
relaxation muscle groups relaxed in series
touch massage light stroking jetted bath shower |
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heat/cold therapy
warmed towel cold pack imagery mental pictures create relaxed feelings |
meditation/focused thinking focusing on object task breathing
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breathing techniques different patterns types of breathing direct mind away discomfort
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positioning/movement
changing positions moving aroujnd during labor rocking Tailor sit position birthing ball walking swaying |
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analgesics
meds meperidine smallest dose possible respiratory depression in large amounts |
anesthesia meds cause loss of sensation pudendal block epidural anesthesia analgesia spinal anesthesia analgesia general anesthesia
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local block anesthesia injected in perineal area*** epidural repair or tear
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pudendal block
anethesia injected vaginal*** area complete numbness in vaginal area |
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epidural anesthesia epidural block**
numbing meds catheter space surrounds spinal cord in lower back loss of sensation of lower body labor vaginal and cesarean deliveries low blood pressure mom |
epidural analgesia walking*** epidural med is analgesic relieves pain does not numb body allows movement low blood pressure mom labor and vaginal deliveries postpartum headache
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spinal anesthesia
single dose of anesthetic agent into spinal cord canal*** acts quickly loss of sensation/movement lower body cesarean deliveries |
spinal analgesia***
injecting med into spinal cord canal pain relief without numbing combo epidural anesthesia or analgesia labor pain relief |
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general anesthesia***
causes woman sleep emergency cesarean deliveries |
cervix lower part of uterus projects into vagina fibrous tissue/muscle circular shape
during preg cervix lengthens barrier labor begins cervix shortens dilating 10 cm 4 inchess effacement thins first stage of labor |
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LABOR COMPLICATIONS
fetal meconium amniotic sac membrane ruptures normal clear but if greenish/brown=fetal meconium first bowel movement fetal distress |
abnormal fetal heart rate
normal 120-160 if distress give mother oxygen fluids change position |
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abnormal position
normal head-down facing back abnormal head-down facing front face down into pelvis brow down in mother's pelvis breech butt first one shoulder in pelvis |
depending on position deliver fetus as it presents attempt to turn before delivery or cesarean delivery
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delivery is the moment when fetus followed by placenta exits mother's body
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mom moved to delivery room or remain fathers or partners encouraged actively involved relaxation tech breathing
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positions
sqatting sitting semi-sitting gravity helps push baby through |
during delivery process monitor vital signs blood pressure pulse fetal heart rate vagina
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VAGINAL DELIVERY
physician assist fetus' head and chin out of vagina when head out rotates fetus side eases shoulders out and rest |
episiotomy incisison through vaginal wall and perineum help deliver fetus
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after delivery mom contiue push to deliver placenta then episiotomy incision stitched given oxytocin uterus massaged uterus contract prevent excessive bleeding
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c-section
sometimes planned and scheduled some result of complications |
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anesthesia taken effect ab incision made opening made in uterus amniotic sac opened baby delivered through opening
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delivery stitch ab incision oxytocin contract uterus preventing bleeding
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conditions for cesarean section
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previous cesarean secion
fetal distress abnormal delivery presentation |
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labor fails to progress does not progress normally
twins or other multiples |
placental cocmplications placenta previa = placenta blocks cervix presents risk of becoming detached prematurely from fetus
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when baby delivered umbilical cord cut and clamped near navel ends dependence on pladcenta for oxygen/nutrition
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with first breath air moves into lung airways
before birth lungs not used to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide needs less blood supply |
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fetal circulation sends most blood supply away from lungs special connections in heart and large blood vessels
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baby begins to breathe air change in lungs help exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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some babies excess amounts of fluid in lungs stimulating baby to cry by massage and stroking help bring fluid up suctioned from nose and mouth
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newborn wet from amniotic fluid can become cold drying baby usning warm blankets and heat lamps help prevent heat loss knitted hat/skin-to-skin on mother'ss chest/ab warms baby
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APGAR
HEALTH ASSESMENT scoring system virginia apgar anesthesisologist to evaluate condition of newborn |
APGAR given at 1 min and 5 minutes after birth
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A activity muscle tone**
P pulse rate** G grimace reflex irritability* A appearance skin color**** R Respiration*** |
score of 7-10 normal
4-6 needs some resuscitation oxygen careful monitoring 3 or less immediate resuscitation/livesaving techniques |
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PHYSICAL EXAM OF NEWBORN IN DELIVERY ROOM
meassurement of temp heart rate and respiratory rate |
measurement of weight length and head circumference*** determine if baby is normal for number of weeks of pregnancy small or underweight babies/large babies may need special attention/care
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cord care
cleansing of umbilical cord stump purple antiseptic dye** helps prevent infection |
bath after temp*** stabilized first bath given
footprints taken and recorded*** in medical record |
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before baby leaves delivery area id bracelet*** with id numubers placed on baby and mom
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babies have 2 wrist and ankle checked each time baby comes goes from room
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CARE FOR NEWBORN
healthy babies susually stay with mother immediate asessments weight length meds first bath in mom's room baby placed in mother's arms ASAP |
first hour or two baby alert wide awake phase baby turn to familiar sond of mom's voice focus of vision 8-12 inches baby cradled in mom's arms to face
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during first hour or two breast feed innate ability to begin nursing immediately
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some meds during labor/delivery affect baby's sucking ability healthy babies can breast feed
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initial feeding stimulates breast milk production
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causes contraction of mom's uterus prevent excessive bleeding
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CARE FOR NEWBORN CESAREAN
awake for surgery rare sits mom requires gen anesthesia no conscious for birth |
regional anesthesia epidura or spinal part of body numbed for surgery mom awake hear and see baby as soon as born
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babies checked by nursery nursse or pediatrician near mom in operating room
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babies by c-sec difficulty clearing lung fluid mucus extra suctioning of nose mough throat needed or deeper suctioning in windpipe required
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once checked wrap baby warmly bring baby to mom babies born by c-sec watched in nursery for short time
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weighing and meds performed in nursery
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breast feeding begins in first hours in recovery room
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lots of pain first days need help for mom and baby
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baby's body systems work together in new way after birth sometimes difficulty in transition Apgar determines if problems
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if not doing well treatment given in delivery room hysician/other members of heath care team work together
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prematurely difficult delivery birth defect special care available Neonatal Intensive Care Unit NICU
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NICU advanced tech/trained health pros interediate or continuing care areas for babies not as sick
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common test during pregnancy
alpha-fetoprotein screening chorionic villus sampling fetal monitoring glucose tolerance test Grooup B strep culture ultrasound genetic screening |
alpha-fetoprotein screening AFP
blood tes measues AFP in mom's blood protein*** produced by fetal liver present in fluid surrounding fetus am/fluid crosses placenta to mom's blood MSAFP Serum*** |
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abnormal levels of AFP
open neural tube defects spina bifida ONTD Down syndrome chromosomal Abnormalities defects in ab wall of fetus twins miscalculated due date 2,3,or 4 part screening multiple marker*** screen |
other parts of AFP
hCG human chorionic gonadotropin hormone placenta estriol hormone placenta inhibin*** hormone placenta |
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ultrasound*** confirm dates of preg look at fetal spine body parts for defects or amniocentesis
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multiple marker screening not diagnostic not 100%*** accurate may be fase-positive or false-negative
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AFP
blood drawn 15-20 weeks of prg 16-18 ideal blood sample sent to lab for analysis results available 1-2 weeks |
AMNIOCENTESIS***
sample of amniotic fluid diagnose chromosomal disorders open neural tube defects ONTDs spina bifida*** |
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amniocentesis
15-20 weeks who ar increased risk chromosome abnormalities over 35 abnormal maternal serum screening test |
insert long thin needle through mom's ab into amniotic sac for sample fluid contains cells shed by fetus genetic*** info
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mom's ab cleansed antiseptic
local anesthetic numb skin ultrasound guide hollow needle into sac*** sample of fluid withdrawn strenuous activities avoided 24 hours cramping during amniocentesis |
twins multiples samples each sac sometimes cannot be performed
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fluid sent to genetics lab cells can grow analyzed 10days-2weeks results
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Chorionic villus samplin CVS
prenatal test ssample of placental tissue chromosomal abnormalities family history does not provide info on neural*** tube defects spina bifida*** need blood test to screen |
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CVS performed 10-12 weeks
ultrasound guide catheter near placenta*** tissue removed syringe transabdominal CVS through mom's ab into uterus cramping during or after tissue sent to genetic lab grow and analyzed 10days to 2 weeks |
twins multiples need from each placenta not always feasible
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fetal monitoring
late pregnancy during labor checking rate and rhythm of fetal heartbeat*** 110-160 bpm not enough oxygen emergency cesarean delivery |
fetoscope*** Doppler*** device electronic fetal monitoring
gel applied to ab ultrasound transducer ultrasound transducer attached straps fetal heartbeat to recorder displayed on screen printed special paper |
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during contractions external tocodynamometer top of uterus with belt record patterns contractions
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internal fetal monitoring necessary accurate reading water broken cervix partially dilated to use attach electrode to scalp of fetus fetal scalp electrode
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glucose tolerance test
24-28 weeks meassures levels of sugar ***in mom's blood gestational diabetes |
Glucose tolerance test
mom drink only water fasting sample of blood drawn special glucose solution to drink blood drawn several times over several hous |
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Group B Streptococcus GBS
bacteria in Genital tract 15-40% no problem before pregnancy during preg cause chorioamnionitis infecion of placental tissues postpartum infection uti's preterm labor birth |
GBS life-threatening infections newborns pneumonia meningitis contract during labor/delivery
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no tratment prevents GBS
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ultrasound
diagnostic tec high-fequency sound waves create image if internal organs check normal fetal growth verify due date |
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Reasons for ultrasounds
establish dates of preg determine number of fetuses identify placental structures diagnose ectopic preg miscarriage |
examine uterus pelvic anatomy
detect fetal abnormalities |
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MID-TRIMESTER
18-20 weeks confirm preg dates number of fetus/placenta assist prenatal tests amniocentesis examine fetal anatomy for abnormalities |
check amount of amniotic fluid
examine blood flow patterns observe fetal behavior/activity |
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examine placenta
measure length cervix monitor fetal growth |
Third Trimester
monitor fetal growth check amount amniotic fluid biophysical profile positon of fetus assess placenta |
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abdominal*** ultrasound
gel applied to ab ultrasound transducer glides over gel on ab create image |
transvaginal*** ultrasound
smaller transducer inserted into vagina fests against back of vagina create image sharper image |
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ultrasound images captured in still photographs video document findings
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contantly improved refined info help manage care for preg and fetus
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Genetic screening
family history cystic fibrosis Duchenne's muscular dystrophy hemophilia A thalassemia sickle cell anemia polycystic kidney disease Tay-Sachs disease |
genetic screening methods include
ultrasound scan alpha-fetoprotein test multiple marker test amniocentesis precutaneous umbilical blood sampling fetal blood from umbilical cord |
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Preg ultrasound method of imaging fetus in pelvic organs during preg
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ultrasound machine high-frequency sound waves bounce off body structures create picture
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POSTPARTUM CARE FOR MOM
symptoms pain** relief bloody vaginal discharge changes to brown then whitish couple of weeks |
tender vaginal area
painful contractions continue uterus returns to orighinal size breast engorgement extreme fatigue*** soreness |
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recuperating
take naps as baby naps wear supportive bra cold packss relieve breast engorgment swelling warm compresses stimulate letdown of milk icepacks binding alleviate if not breastfeeding |
warm shallow baths sitz baths 2x a day relieve soreness speed healing
after cesarean keep incision clean dry |
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baby blues***
3-4 days after delivery feelings of disappointment crying no reason irritability impatience anxiety restlessness |
postpartum depression
more serious longer lasting sadness,hopelessness,fatigue,exhaustion,poor concentration,confusion,fear of harming newborn,self,mood swings diminished libido,feelings of guilt,low self-esteem, uncontrolled crying,overdconcern/attentiveness for newborn, or lack of interest for newborn,appetitie changes,sleep disturbance,resentment,memory loss,feelings of isolation |
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causes of postpartum depression
changing of roles spouse/parent hormonal changes during after delivery stress personalfamilly history mental illness marital strife |
postpartum depression diagnosed
thyroid screening for hormonal*** metabolic abnormalities |
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treatment postpartum depression
seek proper treatment early |
treatment determined based on
age overall health med history severity duration symptoms breast feeding tolerance for meds procedures therapies opinion or preference |
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treatments include
meds hormonal treatments/antidepressants psychological treatment mother family spouse peer support support groups educational classes |
stress management relaxation training
assertiveness training set limits family members not become overwhelmed overworked |
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birth control
activity meds or equipment used prevent pregnancy |
methods work different ways
creating barrier** blocks sperm reaching egg killing sperm preventing eggs** being released changing cervical mucus **hinder sperm from moving into uterus altering tissue **lining uterus egg cannot implant |
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different types of birth control
no prescription abstinence*** |
spermicides*** foams or creams in vagina kill sperm some protection against STDs
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male condoms**
thin tube made of latex |
female condoms ***
liner made of latex in vagina |
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natural** family planning
timing to avoid fertile days monitoring temp changess cervical mucus rhythm method high risk for pregnancy |
prescription
oral contraceptives controlling pituitary hormone secretion estrogen progestin regulate menstrual cycles decreasing length iron stores prevention ovarian endometrial cancers breast diseases fibroadenoma cystic reduce rheumatiod arthritis |
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norplant***
capsules hormone levonorgestrell implanted under skin upper arm prevent ovaries releasing egg 5 years |
Depo-Provera
progesterone-like drug injection stop ovulation 3 months |
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MPA/E2C
combines estrogen progestin monthly injection |
diaphram cervical cap dome shaped rubber cup flexible rim covers cervix
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intrauterine*** device IUD
placed in uterus throuogh cervix preventing egg being fertilized in tubes attaching to wall containing hormones annually copper IUDs 10 years |
surgeries
hysterectomy*** removal uterus ovaries fallopian tube permanent |
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tubal ligation tubal occlusion tying the tubes
cut cauterize band fallopian tubes prevents egg trasported to uterus can be reversed |
vasectomy
cutting clamping vas deferens blocked spem die absorbed by body |
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high risk pregnancy
withdrawal before ejaculation sex during menstuation |
standing immediately after sex
douching after sex taking no precautions |
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SURGICAL TREATMENT
preventive/prophylactic surgery remove tissue does not yet contain cancer cells hass probability becoming cancerous |
diagnostic remove samples tissue suspicious area testing and evaluation (lab/pathologist) confirm identify type determine stage
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curative remove/destroy cancerous tissue removal tissue around tumor and nearby lymph nodes
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surgery also performed for
palliative purposes relieve discomfort |
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supportive purposes
allow placement of device aid in delivery of meds |
restorative/reconstructive purposes
repair replace damaged destroyed areas of body |
