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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What body shape is most at risk for obesity and what kind |
Apple (visceral abdominal) and because of different metaboilic profile and increased risk for cardiac |
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What body shape is least risk and why |
Pear and gluteal femoral (BIG BOOTY) lower risk for cardiovascular |
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What hormone is an indicator of adipose/ peripheral energy |
Leptin |
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What are the gut derived factors that mediate appetite |
ghrelin, peptide YY, glucagon like peptide 1, and cholecystokinin |
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Which hormones are made in intestine |
peptide YY, cholecystokinin, glucagon like peptide 1 |
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Why is visceral fat considered its own endocrine organ |
produces estrogen and also leptin (signals how much) |
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How does the brain know about how much fatty acids are in your body |
the liver tells it via the vagus nerve |
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How does leptin increase metabolic rate |
by inhibiting neuropeptide Y secreting neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus |
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Low fat foods _____ the glycemic index |
increase - faster absorption |
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WHat is metabolic disease |
common in type 2, chronically high levels of insulin? |
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what leads to visceral adiposity (main reason) |
insulin resistance |
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what do visceral adiposity cells produce |
proinflammatory cytokines disrupt insulin action muscle and fat |
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what are the 2 adiposity signal hormones |
insulin and leptin |
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where are the adiposity signal hormones from and how do they reach their targets |
in blood and from arcuate nucleus |
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what are satiety signal hormones |
PPY CCK GLP1 |
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Where do satiety signal hormones go to in the brain |
to the nucleus tractus solitarius (caudal brainstem) |
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WHat are the orexegenic NT produced by hypothalamus |
NPY and AgRP(?) |
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What activates the orexegenic NT release from ARC |
ghrelin |
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What are the anorexegenic NT from ARC |
POMC and CART |
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what is the most powerful appetite stimulant |
Neuro peptide Y |
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What is found in high levels in obesity |
AgRP |
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what happens if you have a mutation in MCR4 |
obesity, hyperphagia, etc |
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what is CART colocalized with |
POMC neurons |
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What GI tract factor tells you you're full |
CCK |
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Where is peptide YY from and what is it correlated with |
L cells, calories |
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What is an agonist of GLP-1 |
Exenatide |
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What is the obese gene |
Ob or Rb |
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Facts about leptin receptor |
cytokine R signals through STAT3, 6 subtypes only LepRb has C for signaling |
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Where is ghrelin produced |
oxyntic glands of stomach |
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What does ghrelin stim the release of
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GH |
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what is ghrelin's receptor |
growth hormone sectretagogue receptor |
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where are ghrelin's receptors located |
pituitary and hypothalamus (in NPY and GHRH cells) |
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Ghrelin levels in obese and anorexic |
obese-low, anorexic - hiugh possible insensitivity |
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what is obestatin |
from proghrelin precursor, possibly treatment for obesity |
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what is inhibited if you have low levels of ghrelin |
reproduction, thermogenesis, immune response |
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leptin and insulin |
reg each other, high leptin decreases insulin secretion and sensitivity |
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What is adiponectin and what does it do |
adipose hormone, increases insulin sensitivity glucose takeup, etc |
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what are the main targets of adiponectin |
liver and muscle
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two factors of adipose system that are to do with inflammation |
adiponectin down inflammation, adipocytokines upreg |
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levels of endocrine organ hormones in obesity |
high leptin, low adiponectin, high adipocytokines |
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What other hormones are in the adipose as organ |
estradiol (if enough aromatase) and Angiotensin |
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what is the ability to digest fats |
Dyslipinemia (atherosclerosis) |
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what happens if you eat mostly carbs |
high levels of insulin spike, then decreased lipolysis leading to more fat stores |
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Primary leptin resistance |
where gene mutation, so replacement is GOOD |
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secondary leptin resistance |
lack 9of response at high levels |
