Obesity

Front 1

What is leptin?

Back 1

an anti obesity and energy sufficiency signal. Produced from fat cells and is correlated to amount of fat, works on neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Decreases food uptake and increases expenditure. prevents starvation response

Front 2

What is the implication of agouti in obesity?

Back 2

Encodes a protein that normally antagonises melanocortin receptor to control pigment. Obesity results from expression of agouti in the CNS, antagonises melanocortin 4 receptors

Front 3

What is glycogen

Back 3

stored from of glucose

Front 4

Risk factors of T2D

Back 4

FA, inflammatory and cytokines, mito dysfunction, amyloid protein deposists in pancrease

Front 5

Name three genes linked to MODY

Back 5

HNF1A, HNF4A, HNF1B

Front 6

What do alpha and beta cells of the pancreas produe

Back 6

alpha - glucagon and beta - insulin

Front 7

What is glucolipotoxicity

Back 7

deleterious effects of increased glucose and FA on beta cells. decrease in insulin secretion, gene expression but still apop due to influx of glucose. Causes oxidative stress which decreases glucokinase and secretion of insulin. PDX decreases

Front 8

Explain inflammation on islet cells

Back 8

the inflam response is caused by dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and increased adipokines. modulation of IL-1b is a therapeutic agent

Front 9

What are inflammasomes

Back 9

multiprotein danger sensing strucutres activated by hyperglycemia. Eventually produce active IL-1beta

Front 10

What is the effect of IL1 receptor signalling

Back 10

Creates a signalling cascade activating NFkB and AP-1, a transcription factor for differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. NFkb then enhance B cells, controls DNA , cytokine production and cell survival. responds to oxidised LDL, a regulator of the immune system

Front 11

What cytokines are targeted

Back 11

anti-TNF, anti-IL1, anti-IL6, anti-TNFR5

Front 12

What are the stages of plaque formation

Back 12

1. Calcification

2. Plaque rupture

3. Heamoraghe

4. Fragmentation

5. Weakening of the arterial wall

Front 13

Define familial hypercholesterolemia

Back 13

Congenital disease where LDL are not synthesised and chol in blood increases. Cuases athero, xanthomas

Front 14

what are the effects of oxidised LDL on endothelial cells

Back 14

promotes: adhesion molecules, oncoyte chemotactic protein, marcophage stimulating factor, matrix metalloproetinase I

reduces: NO, prostaglandins, protein C, plasminogen activator

Front 15

what are the effects of oxidised LDL on monocyte and macrophages

Back 15

scavenger receptor increasing uptake of ox LDL, cytokines, APC

Front 16

what are the effects of ox LDL on muscle cells

Back 16

prolif, platelet derived growth factor, metalloporteinase expression, apop

Front 17

what is atherogenesis and what is it caused by?

Back 17

Disorder of the artery wall and is in response to injury, retention, altered permeability, oxlipid, LDL with proteoglycan, endothelial function, infection, inflammation

Front 18

Name three adipocytokines

Back 18

leptin, TNFa, IL6, adiponectin

Front 19

How does lipoprotein change in obesity

Back 19

LDL size: inccreases, density increases, more susceptible to oxidation

Front 20

What is TNFalpha

Back 20

inhibits adipocyte differentiation, stimulates lipid mobilisation, could reduce NO by decreasing arginine. reduces eNOS. Increases NADPH leading to increased superoxide anion and decreases NO

Front 21

What is IL6

Back 21

increases expression of adhesion molecules and secretion of cytokines by endothelial cells, MCP-1 from macrophages, regulating migration,

Front 22

what is adiponectin

Back 22

reduced in obesity. It increases FA oxidation, it increases glut4, and decreases acetyl coA carboxylase. it reduces NFkB

Front 23

What is the lipoprtoein profile in diabetics

Back 23

increased LDL, less HDL,

Front 24

three effects of insulin

Back 24

decreases VLDL secretion - enhances aopB degradation as normlaly it is targetted by it

Stimulates LPL - lipoprtoien lipase which hyrodlyses TAG

stimulates PPAR alpha which increases HDL asscaited aopA1

Front 25

Why is omega 3 important

Back 25

an essential fatty acid that regulates plasma cholesterol by modulating VLDL secretion, steroyl coA desatruase (FA metab, steroic acid produced from oleic acid) apo B, and HDL

Front 26

What is glycation

Back 26

covalent boding of a protein/lipid with a sugar. Glucose reacts with amino acids to form a schiff base = ketomaine. Produces AGE's

Front 27

What are the effects of glycation

Back 27

LDL are more susceptible to oxidation as the lipops have been glycated, and reduces the activity of paraoxonase (anti ox)