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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the goals of Healthy People 2010? |
1. Increase quality and length of healthy life |
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What are the leading health indicators, according to Healthy People 2010?
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1. Physical activity |
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What are estimated statistics?
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Compilation of data from previously collected data
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What are provisional statistics?
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Compilation of data from temporary current data |
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What are final statistics?
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Compilation of data from completed provisional data |
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When are final statistics published?
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Often 2 or more years AFTER data collection
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What are vital statistics?
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Figures describing rates of occurrence for events
(such as death in children) |
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What are mortality statistics?
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The incidence or number of individuals who have died over a specific period of time
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How are mortality statistics presented?
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Rates per 100,000
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What is infant mortality rate?
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The number of deaths during the first year of life per 1000 live births |
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What is neonatal mortality?
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A measurement of infant mortality of infants up to 28 days of life
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What is postneonatal mortality?
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A measurement of infant mortality of infants 28 days to 11 months old
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What can be attributed to an increase in infant mortality?
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An increase in live births of infants weighing less than 750 g
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In 2002, which country ranked last in infant mortality rate control among 27 nations that have a population of at least 2.5 million?
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United States
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What is considered the major determinant of neonatal death in technologically developed countries?
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Birth weight
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What is the key factor in the higher neonatal mortality rate in the U.S. compared to other countries?
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The relatively high incidence of low birth weights (LBW) < 2500 g |
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What other factors contribute to the increased risk of infant mortality?
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1. Black race |
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According to research, when are serious health conditions in preterm LBW infants most likely to occur?
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During the first 6 months after hospital discharge |
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What are the statistics of death rates in the U.S.?
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1. Infants less than 1 year have a higher rate than that of individuals ages 1 through 54 years |
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What is perinatal mortality?
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The number of fetal deaths (fetuses of 28 weeks or more of gestation) AND deaths of infants under 7 days old per 1000 live births |
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What are the leading causes of death during the perinatal period?
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1. Congenital anomalies |
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What is the leading cause of infant mortality?
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Congenital anomalies |
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What supplement helps reduce the incidence of defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly by 50%?
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Folic acid |
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What is the relationship between birth defects and LBW?
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Many birth defects are associated with LBW, so reducing LBW will prevent congenital anomalies |
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Which child age group has the lowest mortality rate?
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Children ages 5 to 14 |
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What is the leading cause of death in children in the U.S.?
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Accidents |
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What are the 5 leading causes of death in children in the U.S.?
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1. Accidents (unintentional injuries) |
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What do nurses have to be especially aware of in terms of young people?
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1. Those who are depressed |
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Which health problems have had major declines in death rates during childhood as a result of improved modern medicine?
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1. GI diseases |
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What has contributed to the absence of infectious diseases as the leading cause of death?
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Effective antibacterial agents and immunizations |
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What is morbidity statistics?
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The prevalence of a specific illness in the population at a particular time |
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What is an acute illness?
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Symptoms that are severe enough to limit activity or require medical attention |
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What is the chief acute illness of childhood?
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The common cold |
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What are the major types of acute illnesses?
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1. Respiratory illness (50%) |
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What is the relationship between health and poverty in children?
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Children from poor families are more likely to have a LESS healthy status than children from non-poor families |
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What necessity has been suggested from studies of childhood morbidity?
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The need for heightened efforts to improve access to health care for low-income children |
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Which groups of children have increased morbidity?
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1. Homeless children |
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What is the major cause of poor health in the high-risk groups?
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Barriers to health care, especially for the homeless, the poverty stricken, and those with chronic health problems |
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How is "disability" measured in children?
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In number of days off from school or days confined to a bed |
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What is the average number of school days a child loses because of injury or illness?
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5.3 days per year |
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What does the future progress in decreasing childhood mortality and morbidity depend on?
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Parent education |
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What is considered the "new morbidity" or "pediatric social illness"?
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Behavioral, social (family), and educational problems such as poverty, violence, aggression, noncompliance, school failure, and adjustment to divorce or bereavement |
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Which groups of children are at high risk for injuries?
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1. Children from low socioeconomic backgrounds |
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What is the leading cause of death in children over age 1 year?
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Injuries (accidents) |
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What are the components of injuries?
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1. Host |
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What is a host?
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The affected person |
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What is the environment?
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The time and place |
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What is the agent?
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The object that is the direct cause of injury |
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What types of injuries cause high rates of death in most Western societies?
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1. Motor vehicle accidents |
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What is the primary cause of infant death from motor vehicle accidents?
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Failure to be properly restrained |
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Who is at the greatest risk of bicycling fatalities?
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Children ages 5 to 9 years |
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What is the main cause of bicycling deaths?
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Head injuries |
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By how much do helmets reduce the risk of head injuries?
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85% |
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During infancy, what causes more death in males than in females?
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Aspiration or suffocation |
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More than half of all poisonings reported in 1999 occurred in which age group?
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Children under 6 years old |
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In which age group is poisoning the 2nd leading cause of death?
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15- to 24-year age group |
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What is the leading cause of death from injury in infants?
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Mechanical suffocation |
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Where do most injuries occur?
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In the home |
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Which sport poses the greatest risk of injury in female children?
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Gymnastics |
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What are the two major strategies for injury prevention?
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1. Passive strategies |
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What are passive strategies?
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Injury prevention measurements that provide automatic protection by product and environmental design
(i.e. use of automatic seat belts or airbags) |
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What are active strategies?
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Injury prevention measurements that persuade individuals to change their behavior for increased self-protection
(i.e. using seat belts voluntarily or require compliance with safety regulations) |
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Which injury prevention strategy is more effective?
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Passive strategy
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What does TIPP stand for?
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The Injury Prevention Program
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What is TIPP?
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A comprehensive system for injury prevention that provides useful information for parents
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What are the 3 major elements of TIPP?
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1. A policy statement on injury prevention by the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Injury and Poisoning Prevention
2. Childhood safety counseling schedules 3. Safety information sheets and safety surveys for use in providing anticipatory guidance to parents |
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What is an intrinsic element of nursing practice?
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Safety
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What is Title V of the Social Security Act?
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Federal grants-in-aid to states for Maternal and Child Health (MCH), Crippled Children's Services (CCS), and child welfare services
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What were the first programs provided by Title V of the SSA?
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Prenatal, postnatal, and child health clinics and training of personnel
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What are the primary purposes of Maternal and Child Health (MCH)?
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1. Reduce infant mortality
2. Reduce the incidence of preventable disease and handicapping conditions among children 3. Increase the availability of prenatal, delivery, and postpartum care to eligible mothers |
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What is the purpose of Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)?
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Provide nutritious food and nutrition education to low-income, pregnant, postpartum, and lactating women and to infants and children up to 5 years of age
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What is the purpose of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)?
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Allow eligible employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave from their jobs every year to care for newborn or newly adopted children; to care for children, parents, or spouses who have serious health conditions; or to recover from their own serious health conditions
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What is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act?
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First-ever federal privacy standards that protect patients' medical records and other health information provided to health plans, doctors, hospitals and other health care providers
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What are the 4 essential features of contemporary nursing practice?
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1. Attention to the full range of human experience and responses to health and illness without restriction to a problem-focused orientation |
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What is the philosophy of family-centered care?
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Recognize the family as the constant in a child's life
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How can service systems and personnel support, respect, encourage, and enhance the strength and competence of the family?
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By developing mutuality and a partnership with parents
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How do service systems and personnel support families in their natural caregiving and decision-making roles?
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By building on their unique strengths and acknowledging their expertise in caring for their child both within and outside hospital setting
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What are the key elements of family-centered care?
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1. Recognize family is the constant in a child's life |
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What are the two basic concepts in family-centered care?
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1. Enabling
2. Empowerment |
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What is enabling?
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Creating opportunities and means for all family members to display their current abilities and competencies and to acquire new ones to meet the needs of the child and family
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What is empowerment?
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The interactions of professionals with families in such a way that families maintain or acquire a sense of control over their family lives and acknowledge positive changes that result from helping behaviors that foster their own strengths, abilities, and actions
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How can nurses help with family-centered care?
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By helping families to identify their strengths, build on them, and assume a comfortable level of participation
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What is atraumatic care?
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The provision of therapeutic care in settings, by personnel, and through the use of interventions that eliminate or minimize the psychologic and physical distress experienced by children and their families in the health system
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What is therapeutic care?
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Care that encompasses the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, or palliation of chronic or acute conditions
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What is setting?
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Refers to the place in which care is given -- the home, the hospital, etc.
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Who are the personnel?
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Anyone directly involved in providing therapeutic care
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What are interventions?
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Range from psychologic approaches, such as preparing children for procedures, to physical interventions, such as providing space for a parent to room in with a child
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What is psychologic distress?
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May include fear, anxiety, anger, disappointment, sadness, shame, or guilt
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What is physical distress?
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May range from sleeplessness and immobilization to disturbing sensory stimuli such as pain, temperature extremes, loud noises, bright lights, or darkness
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What is the main concern of atraumatic care?
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The who, what, when, where, why, and how any procedure is performed on a child for the purpose of preventing or minimizing psychologic and physical stress
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What is the prinicipal goal in providing atraumatic care?
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Do NO harm
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What the the three principles for achieving the goal of atraumatic care?
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1. Prevent or minimize the child's separation from the family
2. Promote a sense of control 3. Prevent or minimize bodily injury and pain |
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What is the primary concern of pediatric nursing?
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The welfare of the child and family
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What is the foundation of providing high-quality nursing care?
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The establishment of a therapeutic relationship
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How are therapeutic relationships established?
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1. Clear boundaries are set
2. Nurse and the family are empowered 3. Open communication is maintained |
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How do nurses function as a family advocate for health care?
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Nurses assist children and their families in making informed choices and acting in the child's best interest
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What does advocacy involve?
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1. Ensuring families are aware of all available health services
2. Informed adequately of treatments and procedures 3. Involved in the child's care 4. Encouraged to change or support existing health care practices |
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What does parents consider "personable" care?
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The actions by nurses that include acknowledging the parent's presence, listening, making the parent feel comfortable in the hospital environment, involving the parent and child in nursing care, showing interest in and concern for their welfare, showing affection and sensitivity to the parent and child, communicating with them, and individualizing the nursing care
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What is the nurse's role in disease prevention and health promotion?
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To plan care that fosters every aspect of growth and development
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What is the best approach to prevention?
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Education and anticipatory guidance
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What type of communication is most helpful with children?
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Nonverbal communication -- touch and physical presence
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What is counseling?
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A mutual exchange of ideas and opinions that provides the basis for mutual problem solving
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What does counseling involve?
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1. Support |
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What is a significant aspect of restoration of health?
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Continual assessment and evaluation of physical status
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When do ethical dilemmas arise?
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When competing moral considerations underlie various alternatives
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What are some competing moral values?
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1. Autonomy
2. Nonmaleficence 3. Beneficence 4. Justice |
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What is autonomy?
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The patient's right to be self-governing
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What is nonmaleficence?
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The obligation to minimize or prevent harm
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What is beneficence?
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The obligation to promote the patient's well-being
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What is justice?
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The concept of fairness
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What is respect?
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The affirmation that other persons matter in the same way as oneself
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What activities are crucial components of ethical decision making?
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1. Collect pertinent physiologic and psychologic data
2. Assess relevant values held by the patient and family 3. Incorporate the data into a care plan |
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What is the Code of Ethics for Nurses?
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A focus on the nurse's accountability and responsibility to the patient and emphasizes the nursing role as an independent professional, one that upholds its own legal liability
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What does the concept of evidence-based practice involve?
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Analyzing and translating published clinical research into the everyday practice of nursing
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What is essential to the nursing process?
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Evaluation
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What are the future trends in nursing care?
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1. Prospective payment will be more prevalent in pediatric care
2. Technological advances related to patient care 3. The rise in the elderly population 4. Health care dollars being split between the youngest and oldest age groups 5. Shrinking resources having to meet health care needs of both groups |
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What will be the challenge for nurses concerning health care?
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Containing costs without sacrificing quality of care
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What is critical thinking?
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Purposeful, goal-directed thinking that assists individuals in making judgments based on evidence rather than guesswork
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What are the steps of the nursing process?
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1. Assessment
2. Diagnosis 3. Planning 4. Implementation 5. Evaluation |
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What is assessment?
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Collection of patient data
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What is diagnosis?
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Analysis of the assessment data and determination of a diagnosis/diagnoses
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What is planning?
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Development of a care plan
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What is implementation?
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Initiation of interventions identified in the care plan
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What is evaluation?
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Evaluation of the patient's progress toward attainment of outcomes
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What is evidence-based practice?
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The collection, interpretation, and integration of valid, important, and applicable patient-reported, nurse-reported, and research-derived information
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What are the steps of evidence-based practice?
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1. Asking the question
2. Searching for evidence 3. Analyzing the evidence 4. Applying evidence to practice 5. Evaluating effectiveness |
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What are the standards of professional performance?
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1. Quality of practice
2. Practice evaluation 3. Education 4. Collegiality 5. Ethics 6. Collaboration 7. Research 8. Resource utilization 9. Leadership |
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What types of information should the nurse assess?
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Patient's biophysical, psychologic, sociocultural, and spiritual background
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What is the definition of nursing diagnosis?
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A clinical judgment about individual, family, or community responses to actual and potential health problems and life processes
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What are signs and symptoms?
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A cluster of cues and defining characteristics that are derived from patient assessment and indicate actual health problems
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What are the three dimensions of nursing practice?
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1. Dependent activities
2. Interdependent (or collaborative) activities 3. Independent activities |
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What are dependent activities?
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Those areas of nursing practice that hold the nurse accountable for implementing the prescribed treatment
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What are interdependent (or collaborative) activities?
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Those areas of nursing practice in which nursing responsibility and accountability overlap with those other disciplines
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What are independent activities?
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Those areas or nursing practice that are the nurse's direct responsibility
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What is an outcome?
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The projected or expected change in a patient's health status, clinical condition, or behavior that occurs after nursing interventions have been instituted
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What are the main concerns of the implementation stage of the nursing process?
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The patient's physical safety and psychologic comfort in terms of atraumatic care
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What occurs during the evaluation stage of the nursing process?
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Determination if:
1. The established outcome has been met 2. The nursing interventions were appropriate 3. The plan requires modification 4. Other alternatives should be considered |
