Semester 1

Front 1

Biotic Factor

Back 1

Factor related to the effect a living organism has on another living organism

Front 2

Abiotic Factor

Back 2

Physical and chemical environmental factors

Front 3

Producer

Back 3

Autotrophs that supply all the organic matter that other organisms depend on

Front 4

Consumer

Back 4

Heterotrophs which depend on autotrophs (directly/indirectly) for energy

Front 5

Decomposer

Back 5

Organisms which break complex organic matter into simple matter

Front 6

Bioaccumulation/biomagnification

Back 6

When non-biodegradable substances are taken up by producers in insignificant quantities but accumulate as they pass through the food chain

Front 7

Competition (relationship)

Back 7

Both organisms have he same requirements and are rivals for resources

Front 8

Types of Symbiotic Relationships

Back 8

-Parasitism

-Mutualism

-Commensalism

Front 9

Parasitism

Back 9

One species benefits and the other is harmed

Front 10

Mutualism

Back 10

Both species benefit

Front 11

Commensalism

Back 11

One species benefits and the other is unharmed

Front 12

Trophic Level

Back 12

A feeding level in the food chain of an ecosystem

Front 13

Pyramid of Numbers

Back 13

Number of organisms at each trophic level

Front 14

Pyramid of Biomass

Back 14

Total mass (dry organic matter) at each trophic level

Front 15

Pyramid of Energy

Back 15

Energy transfer at each trophic level

Front 16

Central Nervous System

Back 16

Comprised of the brain and the spinal cord

Front 17

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 17

The whole system of nerved outside of the CNS

Front 18

Neurons

Back 18

Make up nerves

Front 19

Dendrite

Back 19

thin extensions that receive info from other neurons and transmit to the soma

Front 20

Cell body

Back 20

determines whether a neuron is activated and passes messages along the axon

Front 21

Axon

Back 21

sends info away from the soma to other neurons, muscles or glands

Front 22

Myelin sheath

Back 22

white protective layer around the axon

Front 23

Axon terminals

Back 23

place where neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap

Front 24

Neurotransmitters

Back 24

message carrying chemical substance produced by a neuron

Front 25

Synaptic gap

Back 25

the gap between neurons

Front 26

Synapse

Back 26

the whole site of communication for adjacent neurons

Front 27

Types of Neurons

Back 27

Sensory, motor, and interneurons

Front 28

Sensory neurons (afferent)

Back 28

Relays messages from receptor

Front 29

Motor neurons (efferent)

Back 29

Relay messages from the brain/spinal cord to muscles and organs

Front 30

Interneurons (connector)

Back 30

Relay messages from sensory neurons to motor neurons

Front 31

Neural transmission

Back 31

How neurons transit information

Front 32

Scientific controls

Back 32

The control group to compare to the experimental group

Front 33

Controlled variable

Back 33

the variables held constant

Front 34

Dependent variable

Back 34

what is being measured

Front 35

Independent variable

Back 35

what is varied

Front 36

Plant Hormones

Back 36

Auxin, Gibberellin, Cyokinins, Abscisic acid and Ethylene

Front 37

Auxin

Back 37

causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth

Front 38

Gibberellin

Back 38

stimulates stem elongation, germination, and flowering.

Front 39

Cytokinins

Back 39

produced by the roots, promotes tissue growth and budding

Front 40

Abscisic acid

Back 40

promotes leaf detachment, induces seed and bud dormancy, and inhibits germination.

Front 41

Ethylene

Back 41

given off by ripening fruit

Front 42

Phototropism

Back 42

plant growth in response to light

Front 43

Geotropism

Back 43

plant growth in response to gravity

Front 44

Thigmotropism

Back 44

plant growth in response to touch

Front 45

Photoperiodism

Back 45

plant growth in response to seasonal changes in day length

Front 46

Short day plants

Back 46

plants that require long periods of darkness to flower

Front 47

Long day plants

Back 47

plants that require short periods of darkness to flower

Front 48

Day-neutral plants

Back 48

plants that flower regardless of day length

Front 49

Nastic responses

Back 49

Non directional responses to stimuli e.g the venus fly trap closing it's leaf to capture prey

Front 50

Clumped distribution

Back 50

Individuals are clustered together, creating patches with many individuals and patches with none e.g. Lions are clump around water source

Front 51

Random distribution

Back 51

Individuals are arranged without any apparent pattern e.g. Dandelion seeds are dispersed by wind

Front 52

Uniform distribution

Back 52

Individuals are spaced evenly throughout an area e.g. Penguins often defend their individual space

Front 53

Environmental resistance

Back 53

factors from the environment that lead to a decline in population

Front 54

Density Dependent Factors

Back 54

Have a greater effect when the population is higher and become less important when density is low

Front 55

Density Independent Factors

Back 55

Act independently of population density and affect all individuals equally

Front 56

Immigration, Emigration, Death and Birth relation to population changes

Back 56

(b+i)-(d+e)

Front 57

Primary Sucession

Back 57

Colonisation of a region where there is no pre-existing vegetation or soil e.g Galápagos Islands

Front 58

Secondary Succession

Back 58

The re-colonisation of distributed plant communities