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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hybridization |
generate molecular orbitals involved in bonding |
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Unhybridized p-orbitals make |
Pi bonds |
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Hybrid oribals on carbon make |
Sigma Bonds |
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Hybridization involves |
valence electrons |
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Pi Bonds overlap |
Side to Side
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Sigma bond overlap |
End to End |
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Bond strength goes up with |
decreasing bond length *due to % overlap goes up |
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As distance from nucleus increases |
electron orbital will distort and become highly polarizable |
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Trends on Periodic Table for Electronegativity |
More electronegative as move left to right (more protons) and down to up (more subsheilding) |
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Resonance Hybrid: |
Unique singular species |
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Best Representation of Structure |
Resonance Hybrid, more stable more contributes |
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3 Hyperconjugation of ions |
Cation - stabilizing Anion - destabilizing Free Radical - stabilizing |
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Why free radical not nucleophile or electrophile?
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Can't donate 2 electrons or accept 2 electrons. |
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3 Intermolecular forces in order of strength |
hydrogen bond, dipole-dipole bond, van der walls |
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When heat added to molecular ensemble |
molecules separate from each other |
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4 rankings of acidity |
1. More Oxygen's more acidic 2. 1>2>3 degree 1 most acidic 3. Most resonance forms 4. Charge + best |
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2 Rankings of Basic |
1. Charge - best 2. localized |
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4 Ranking Nucleophilic |
1. Charge on a Carbon 2. Localized 3. Smallest molecule 4. Charge - best |
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Isotope pattern for Cl and Br |
Cl - 3:1, Br - 1:1 |
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Nuclear Magnetic moments aligned to each other: |
Randomly in external field |
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Orientation after an external magnetic field |
Non-random, parallel to anti parallel |
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Parallel or Anti parallel higher energy and why |
Anti, more energy from moving parts |
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Parallel or Anti parallel more populated by: |
Parallel by 1% |
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RF Field function: |
remove net magnetization from equilibrium |
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RF pulsed on and off, why? |
perturbs frequency causing it to excite and pull away from equilibrium |
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NMR |
Nuclear magnetic resonance |
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TMS 3 points |
*reference standard for NMR *Electron rich *shielded and upfield |
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Polar Protic |
Have O-H or N-H bond, can hydrogen bond accept only |
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Polar Aprotic |
Lacking O-H or N-H bond, can both donate and accept hydrogens |
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4 qualities of Transition State |
*Short lived *Partial bond formation/cleavage shown |
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4 aspects of Concerted Reaction |
*Partial formation and cleavage *Require specific transition state geometry *different geometry possible |
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Sn2 Properties |
*Concerted *No reactive intermediate *Stereospecific -inverted *Want low steric hindrance *LG = modest *Nu = anions *Polar Aprotic *Second order kinetics |
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Sn1 CRSSLNPK |
*Non-concerted *Carbocation - involves reactive intermediate *Non stereospecific *High Steric Hinderance *LG =best *Nu=modest strength *Polar Protic *First order kinetics |
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4 Fates Carbocation |
1. React with own LG 2. Attacked by external Nu 3. Alpha proton produces alkene 4. Rearrange and repeat |
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Carbocation Rearrangements |
Less stable to most stable |
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3 carbocation rearrangements |
1. 1-2 hydride shift 2. 1-2 methyd shift 3. Ring Expansion |
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Saytseff's Rule |
More substituted alkene more stable |
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Intermolecular Reaction |
2 body collision |
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Intramolecular Reaction |
within molecule |
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E2 |
*Concerted *Anti pariplanar geometry *LG = good (like Sn2) *Solvent =polar aprotic - no cations *Nu/Base=want best steric hindered |