Nutrition Week 7 - Vitamins (B, C, Dake)

Front 1

B12 -
1. Role
2. Recommendation
3. Deficiency (how does it occur, what does it cause?)

Back 1

1. Synth new cells, maintain nerve cells, breakdown FA/AA
2. Small 2.4 mg -- no toxic levels
3. Lack of HCL OR lack of IF, causes atrophic gastritis
(inflammation of the stomach, unhealthy stomach cells affect absorption)

Front 2

B12 + Folate

Back 2

depend on each other for activation
- B12 removes methyl group to activate folate coenzyme
- then B12 coenzyme is activated

Front 3

B12 + Digestion

Back 3

1. Stomach --Hcl/pepsin remove B12 from foods
2. SI -- B12 binds with intrinsic factor, complex recognized at end of SI
3. Intrinsic factor is degraded and B12 is absorbed
* NEED BINDING FOR B12 ABSORPTION

Front 4

B12 Deficiency - ____ anemia
what diet may cause?

Back 4

Pernicious - blood disorder + lack of IF + *large RBCs*

Vegan diet, takes years b/c lots stored in liver/recycled

Front 5

B12 Deficiency Note

Back 5

B12 required to convert folate to active form

If folate given when B12 needed, could have big consequences - NEUROLOGICAL consequences

Front 6

B12 food sources

what deactivates it?

Back 6

ANIMAL - milk and fish greatest
fermented soy + fortified beverages
yeast grows on B12 enriched medium

Microwave

Front 7

Name the B vitamins
TRNPaBBB

Back 7

Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic Acid
B6 + B12 + Biotin

Front 8

Choline - vitamin-like
1. made from _____
2. used to make _____ and ______
3. Deficiency
4. Toxicity
5. Food Sources

Back 8

1. methionine
2. Acetylcholine + Lecithin
3. Rare, liver damage
4. Low BP + Liver Damage
5. MELP - milk, eggs, liver, peanuts

Front 9

Inositol + Carnitine - what are they?
can they be made by the body?

Back 9

I = part of cell membrane structures
C = transport LC FAs from cystol to mito for ox'tn

Can be made by body, not essential nutrients or vits

Front 10

Vit C
1. aka
2. 6 Roles

Back 10

1. Ascorbic Acid
2. ASCCCD
Antiox + CollagenCofactor + CofactorOther + Stress + Cold + Disease Prevention

Front 11

Vit C Role A

Back 11

- defends against free radicals
- protects tissue from oxidative stress

Front 12

Vit C Role S

Back 12

Stress - requirements increase under stress
adrenal glands release Vit C into blood

lots of free radical in stress (temps, burns, smoking, infections, barbiturates)

Front 13

Vit C Role C

Back 13

Helps form fibrous structure - strings AAs together

Collagen is a structure protein in:
tissue + scar + tendons/ligaments + foundation for bones and teeth

Front 14

Vit C Role C

Back 14

- Hydroxylation of Carnitine (transport FA to mito for ox)
- helps make hormones
- Conversion of:
----Tryptophan to Serotonin
----Tyrosine to NE

Front 15

Vit C Role C

Back 15

Common Cold
DEACTIVATES HISTAMINE

Front 16

Vit C Role C

Back 16

Disease Prevention
hard to study

Front 17

Vit C Recommendations

Back 17

RDA:
M = 90
W = 75
smokers add 35
* more for healing for collagen formation

Front 18

Vit C Deficiency
signs

Back 18

Scurvy - Vit C is at 1/5 - easily remedied
- Pinpoint hemorrhaging (including heart)
- rough brown skin
- wounds don't heal
- loose teeth

Front 19

Vit C toxicity
1. symptoms:
2. From what:
3. bad for people with....

Back 19

1. nausea, diarrhea, ab cramp
2. overdose
3. anticlot meds + iron overload + kidney probs

Front 20

Vit C
1. Destruction
2. Food Sources

Back 20

1. Heat + Ox
2. Citrus fruit + cabbage, dark greens, liver, fish

Front 21

Fat Soluble Vitamins
1. Name
2. travel through what on what before going to blood?
3. Excess stored where?
4. toxicity more likely why?

Back 21

1. DAKE
2. through LYMPH system on protein carriers
3. Liver + Adipose
4. less readily excreted

Front 22

Vitamin A + Beta Carotene
3 active forms known as + list

Back 22

BC is precursor to Vit A

Retinoids --> Retinols, Beta Carotenes + Carotinoids

Front 23

Vit A
animals derives foods provide _____ that convert ____+ _____ to _____

Back 23

Retinyl converts Retinal + Retinol to active forms of Vit A
Retinol to Retinal = reversible not retinal to RA

Front 24

3 foods with Vitamin A Activity

3 foods with no Vitamin A Activity

Back 24

**************************

Front 25

1. Cleavage in center of BC can provide ____ of ______

2. Absorption of BC is more/less efficient than Vita A

3. ____ mg of BC = 1 mg Vit A

Back 25

2 molecules of Vit A

Less

12mg

Front 26

1. Vit A abosrbed into _____ arrives at/stored in ______

2. _____ picks up Vit A in liver and carries it through bloodstream where it binds to _______

Back 26

1. absorbed into LYMPH stored in LIVER

2. Retinol-binding protein picks up vit A
binds to cells with special receptors

Front 27

Vit A Roles
VPRS

Back 27

Vision maintenance (conversion of light E to nerve impulses at retina) cis to trans
Protein Synth/Differentiation
Reproduction/Growth

Front 28

Vit A + Rhodopsin (pigment molecule)

Rhodopsin = ______ + ________

Back 28

Vit A strikes cells and Rhodopsin changes shape and becomes bleached (cis to trans bond)
visual activity leads to loss of retinal (when the bond changes)
Opsin (protein) + Retinal

Front 29

Vit A in Protein Synth + Cell Differentiation

Back 29

Vit A maintains healthy cells in mucous membrane + promotes differentiation of epithelial/goblet cells

Front 30

Vit A Reproduction/Growth

Back 30

- sperm development
- supports fetal growth
- w/o Vit A = no growth
- helps enzymes break down parts of bone ot allow for growth

Front 31

BC as antiox

Back 31

whatever isn't converted to Vit A becomes AntiOx to protect body against disease

Front 32

Vit A Deficiency

Back 32

take 1-2 years w/o to get deficiciny (quicker in growing child)
- infectious disease (body defences depend on it)
- **Night blindness** (not enough A at retina)
- total blindness (not enough A at cornea)
XEROSIS --> KERATOMALACIA --> XEROPHTHALMIA

Front 33

Vit A Deficiency
Keratinization - Skin and GI cells

Back 33

body's outer surface begins to secrete Keratin, skin gets dry and lump

less goblet cells in GI so less mucous, less absorption
infection likely/easier

Front 34

Vit A Toxicity
(SBB)

Back 34

**********
Skin turning you orange
Bone building suppressed, dismantling stimulated
Birth Defects - Teratogenic

Front 35

Vit A recommendation
1 mg retinol = 1 RAE
___mg dietary BC = ___ RAE

Back 35

Rae = Retinol Activity Equivalent

12mg BC = 1 RAE

Front 36

1. Destruction - lost when ______
2. Food Sources
3. Poor sources _____

Back 36

1. Lost when milk is Skimmed

2. Liver + BC --> dark green leafy, rich yellow/orange

3. Poor = white plant foods + fast food

Front 37

Vit D
1. aka
2. can be made with help of ______ where?
3. Both ____ and ____ must be activated what type of foods for each

Back 37

1. Calciferol
2. Sunlight, reaction in the liver (then kidneys)
3. D2 (plant) and D3 (animal/skin)

Front 38

1. Vit D is a _________ (what kind of protein)

2. has a ____ that transports it to target organs like ______+_______+_________ which respond by making ______ available

Back 38

1. Hormone

2. carrier protein, intestines+kidneys+bones, making MINERALS available

Front 39

Vit D Roles
1. **most important
2. Maintain blood conc of ____ + ______ so _______

Back 39

1. *Bone growth/maintenance*

2. Calcium + Phosphorus so bones can grow denser and stronger

Front 40

Vit D Roles
1. raises blood conc of Ca and P in 3 ways

2. other tissues that respons to Vit D

Back 40

********************************

2. Immune + brain + pancreas + skin + reproductive organs

Front 41

Deficiency
1. Factors that contribute
2. Production of _____ which does ______
3. Can cause _______
4. Main deficiency disease (+adult version)
5. Why are you more susceptible when older?

Back 41

1. **************
2. Calbindin - binds Ca to intestinal cells, leaving bones with less Ca
3. osteoporosis from Ca deficiency
4. Rickets (children)- bad calcification, large bone ends, bowed legs, lax muscles (called OSTEOMALACIA in adults) - high risk = multiple pregnancy + no sunlight
5. skin, liver, kidneys are less able to produce/activate vit D

Front 42

Vit D toxicity
1. results in ______

2. Food Sources

Back 42

Most likely vit to be toxic
1. forming soft tissue + kidney stones + harden arteries
2. Fortified Milk/Butter/Margarine
Egg Yolks, liver fatty fish

Front 43

IU Recommendations
1. Under 50 no osteo
2. Over 50 no osteo
3. with osteo

Back 43

1. 400-1000
2. 800-2000
3. 800-2000

Front 44

Vit E
1. aka + 4 types
2. Roles

Back 44

1. Alpha Tocopherol - Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta
2. Antiox + Protects polyunsat FAs, decrease ox of LDL

Front 45

Vit E Deficiency
1. due to ____ not ______
2. RBC splitting called
3. Symptoms
4. Toxicity

Back 45

1. fat malabsorption (CF)
2. Erythrocyte Hemolysis
3. loss of muscle coordination/reflexes, nerve damage
4. Least toxic

Front 46

Vit E
1. Destruction
2. Food Sources
3. Poor Sources

Back 46

1. Heat + Oxidation
2. Veg oil, wheat germ, liver, egg yolk, nuts, leafy greens
3. Processed food

Front 47

Vit K
1. Roles
2. Produced by ______ stored in _______

Back 47

1. Activates proteins involved in Clotting (prothrombin)
Metabolism of bone proteins
2. Bacteria in GI, stored in Liver

Front 48

1. Vit K Deficiency
2. _____ can destroy _______in _______
3. Toxicity
4. Significant sources

Back 48

1. Primary is rare
Secondary ***************************
2. Antibiotics destory Vit K producing bacteria in GI
3. not common
4. ******** only 1/2 from GI

Front 49

Main reasons for vit and mineral supplements

Back 49

1. correct overt deficiencies + support increased nutrient needs (ex folate in child bearing age women, vit K for newborns) + improve nutritional status + improve bodies defences + reduce disease risk

Front 50

Arguments Against Vit/Min supp

Back 50

Toxicity
Life threatening misinfo
Unknown needs
False Sense of Security
False Beliefs