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138 Cards in this Set
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An organic compounds containing nitrogen. Amino acids and pyridoxine (Vitamins B6) are examples |
Amine |
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Vitamins A, D, E and K. Closely associated with body lipids and are easily stored. Their functions are usually related to structural activities with proteins |
Fat Soluble vitamins |
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Vitamin C and the B complex family. These vitamins are more easily absorbed and transported. |
Water soluble vitamins |
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The natural form of vitamin A found only in animal foods and usually associated with fat |
Preformed Vitamin A |
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Bile salts, pancreatic lipase and dietary fat are needed for wha |
Vitamin A absorption |
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A substance that is a necessary partner with a cell enzyme in carrying out a chemical reaction |
Coenzyme |
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Chemical name for vitamin A derived from its function in the retina of the eye producing light-dark adaptation |
Retinol |
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The aldehyde form of retinol derived from the enzymatic splitting of B-Carotene in the intestinal wall. |
Retinal |
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A substance from which another substance is derived |
Precursor |
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The process of creating the protein keratin, a principal component of skin, hair, nails and the matrix forming tooth enamel |
Keratinization |
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Where is most of the Vitamin a in our bodies stored? |
The liver |
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How is Vitamin a transported? |
Converted from carotene to chylomicrons and transported via the lymphatic system to the liver |
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What is the role of vitamin A? |
Vision Integrity of epithelial tissues Cell division, growth, immunity and reproductive function |
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How can Vitamin A deficient effect eyesight and how can it be remedied? |
Deficiency can cause night blindness but the condition can be reversed with an injection of retinol |
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How can a Vitamin A deficiency effect the eyes? |
The cornea dries and hardens, xeropthalmia. The tear ducts become dry and infection follows. Can cause blindness. |
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Along with xeropthalmia, what other areas of epithelium does a Vitamin a deficiency affect? |
Respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract, skin, tooth formation |
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Vitamin ___< participates in tunneling out old bone to make way for new bone |
A |
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How can a Vitamin A deficiency affect reproduction? |
Participates in general expression and plays an important role in fetal growth specifically the CNS. Also, important for lactation |
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How does poor Vitamin A status lower resistance to infection? |
Changes epithelial and mucosal tissues that allow disease organisms to enter the body more easy Also has a direct effect on immune function |
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What variables modify the Vikings A needs of a given individual? |
Liver stores Intake of preformed versus provitamin A Illness and infection GI or hepatic defects |
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What can occur with a Vitamin A toxicity? Hypervitaminosis A |
Impaired vision, GI disturbances, skin abnormalities Very dangerous in pregnancy |
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What food sources contain Vitamin A? |
Animal foods, dairy, some fortified grains and cereals, dark yellow, orange red and green veggies |
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What's the RDA for men and women. In regards to Vitamin A? |
900 mcg men/ 700 mcg women/ 770 in pregnancy/ 1300 mcg lactation |
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Vitamin D is not actually a Vitamin, it is a _______ |
Prohormone |
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Unit of measure for dietary sources of Vitamin A |
Retinol Activity Equivalent (Rae) |
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A substance that when converted to its active form acts as a hormone |
Prohormone |
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What are the forms of Vitamin D? |
D2, D3 |
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Where is Vitamin D absorbed? |
The small intestine |
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What are conditions associated with malabsorption of Vitamin D? |
Celiac Disease, Chrohns, or pancreatic insufficiency hinder Vitamin D absorption |
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Which body parts play a role in the active hormone synthesis of Vitamin D? |
Skin Liverpool Kidneys |
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What are the main functions of Vitamin D? |
Calcium and phosphorus absorption Bones formation |
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A precursor cholesterol compound in the skin that when irradiated by sunlight produces chilecalciferol (D3) |
7-dehydrocholesterol |
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Chemical name for Vitamin D in its inactive form |
Cholocalciferol |
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Activated hormone form of Vitamin D |
Calcitriol |
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Intermediate product formed in the liver in the process of forming the active Vitamin D Hormone |
25-hydroxycholecalciferol |
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A polypeptide hormone secreted by connective tissue cells in the thyroid glad that promotes calcium excretion via the urine when blood calcium levels rise above normal |
Calcitonin |
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Insufficient Vitamin D resulting in a malformed skeleton |
Rickets |
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Vitamin D deficiency in adults in which previously deposited bone mineral is mobilized resulting in bine pain and weak brittle bones |
Osteomalacia |
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What is the RDA for Vitamin D for ages 1-70? How about older than 70? |
15 mcg, 20 mcg |
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What are the major dietary sources of Vitamin D? |
Fortified foods like milk juices and some cereals |
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This vitamin is a pale yellow oil, stable to acids and heat, and insoluble in water. It oxidized very slowly which gives it an important role as an antioxidant |
Vitamin E |
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Abnormal loss of bone mineral and matrix leading to porous fragile bone that is prone to fracture of deformity, common disease of aging in older men and women |
Osteoporosis |
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Defective bone formation |
Osteodystrophy |
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Chemical name for vitamin E; functions as an antioxidant to preserve structural membranes and other tissues with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids |
Tocopherol |
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A substance that prevents the formation and destructive actions of free radicals |
Antioxidant |
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How is Vitamin E transported and where is it stored? |
Transported in chylomicrons and stored in the liver and adipose tissue |
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This vitamin is nature's most potent antioxidant |
Vitamin E |
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A deficiency of this vitamin could have a disastrous effect on red blood cells resulting in hemolytic anemia |
Vitamin E |
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Why are premature infants especially vulnerable to hemolytic anemia? |
Because they miss the last couple of months in the womb when Vitamin E stores are built up |
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In older children and adults vitamin E presents a different set of symptoms associated with the ____<<< |
Nervous system |
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Condition of low hemoglobin levels caused by too few red blood cells or red blood cells with a low hemoglobin count |
Anemia |
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An anemia caused by the breakdown of the outer membrane of red blood cells and loss of their hemoglobin; occurs in vitamin E deficiency |
Hemolytic anemia |
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Substance made of fat and protein that forms a fatty sheath around the nerve axons to protect and insulate the nerves and facilitate transmission of neuromuscular impulses |
Myelin |
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Where does most is most Vitamin E sourced from? |
80% from food and 20% from other forms |
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What is the RDA of Vitamin E? |
15 MG for both males and females ages 14 and older |
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What foods contain the highest amounts of Vitamin E? |
Sunflower, safflower and canola oil |
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The two forms of Vitamin K, phylloquinone and menaquinone require what for absorption and where is it stored? |
Require pancreatic lipase and bike salts for absorption. Stored in the liver in small amounts but excreted rapidly after administration of therapeutic doses |
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What is the major functions of Vitamin K? |
Initiate liver synthesis of four proteins necessary for blood clotting |
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What is another functional role of Vitamin K? |
Bone metabolism |
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When is a prophylactic dose of Vitamin K given? |
At birth |
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A fat Soluble vitamins of the K group found in green plants or prepared synthetically |
Phylloquinone |
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Form of vitamin K synthesized by intestinal bacteria |
Menaquinone |
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A water soluble analog of Vitamin K |
Mendione |
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Blood clotting factor synthesized in the liver and activated by vitamin K |
Prothrombin |
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Substances bearing a close structural resemblance to an essential nutrient or metabolite that interfere with its physiologic function or use |
Antimetabolite |
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Vitamin K does not have a DRI but it does have an AIR, what is it? |
Men 19 and older 120mcg/day Women it's 90 mcg/day |
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What are food sources of Vitamin K? |
Dark green veggies, liver, milk and cheeses |
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Chemical name is ascorbic acid. It is an unstable easily oxidized acid, it is destroyed by oxygen, alkali and heat |
Vitamin C |
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Where is Vitamin C absorbed and what does it require? |
The small intestine but requires an acid environment |
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What are signs of a Vitamin C deficiency? |
Easy bruising Pinpoint hemorrhages Weak bones Poor wound healing Gingivitis Anemia |
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What are the functions of Vitamin C? |
Antioxidant capacity Formation of intercellular cement Support of general body metabolism |
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When are increased levels of Vitamin C required clinically? |
Wound healing Fever and infection Periods of growth Stress and body response |
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A hemorrhagic disease caused by lack of Vitamin C |
Scurvy |
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What is the RDA for Vitamin C? |
For men it's 90 MG and for women it's 75. For smokers it's an extra 15mg |
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What are the best sources for Vitamin C? |
Citrus and Tomatoes but found in broccoli, greens, strawberries etc |
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A disease of the peripheral nerves caused by a thiamin deficiency |
Beriberi |
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A member of the B Vitamin complex widely distributed on nature and throughout body tissues; it functions as part of Coenzyme A, important in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism |
Pantothenic Acid |
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Is a water soluble and fairly stable vitamin, although destroyed in alkaline solutions |
Thiamin |
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Where is Thiamin absorbed and stored? |
Absorbed most efficiently in the acid environment of the upper small intestine and not store in large amounts so a continuous dietary supply is needed |
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What does thiamin Pyrophosphate do? |
Active coenzyme form of thiamin needed for carbohydrate metabolism |
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What is the RDA For Thiamin? |
1.2mg for men/1.1mg for women Additional needed during pregnancy and lactation |
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What conditions influence thiamin needs? |
Alcohol abuse Acute illness or disease (hemodialysis) Cardiovascular function Gastric Bypass |
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What are major sources of Thiamin in the American diet? |
Whole grain and enriched breads, ready to eat cereals and legumes Lean pork and beef |
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A yellow green fluorescent pigment that forms yellowish brown, needle like crystals. It is water soluble and relatively heat stable but easily destroyed by light and irradiation |
Riboflavin |
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Where is riboflavin absorbed and stored? |
Absorbed in the upper small intestine, small body stores but small amounts found in liver and kidney |
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What's the function of riboflavin? |
Coenzyme role: active in both energy production and tissue building |
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What are signs of a Riboflavin deficiency? |
Tissue inflammation and breakdown and poor healing of even minor injuries |
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Group of clinical manifestations of riboflavin deficiency |
Ariboflavinosis |
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Cracks and scaly lesions on the lips and mouth resulting from a Riboflavin deficiency |
Cheilosis |
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Swollen, reddened tongue |
Symptom of riboflavin deficiency |
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Greasy scales and crusts that appear on the skin and moist folds of the body in riboflavin deficiency |
Seborrheic dermatitis |
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What is the RDA for riboflavin? |
1.3 mg/day for adolescent and adult men 1.1 mg/day for adolescent and adult women |
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What populations may be low on riboflavin? |
Patients on hemodialysis, pregnant and lactating women, infants and children, people who engage in regular physical activity, lactose intolerant |
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What are major food sources of riboflavin? |
Milk and cheese Other good sources are meat, enriched grains, cereals and veggies |
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What two forms does Niacin exist in? |
Nicotinic Acid Nicotinamide |
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What is the relationship between the two forms of Niacin? |
Nicotinic Acid is easily converted to nicotinamide |
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How is Niacin related to tryptophan? |
Tryptophan can be used by the body to make Niacin; tryptophan is the precursor of niacin |
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A measure of the total dietary sources of niacin |
Niacin equivalent |
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What is the function of Niacin? |
Coenzyme role Partners with riboflavin to convert amino acids and glycerol to glucose and then oxidize glucose to release energy |
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How is Niacin used as a drug? |
Doses of nicotinic Acid have been prescribed to cardio patients in an effort to raise HDL and lower LDL |
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What happens in a Niacin deficiency? |
Muscle weakness, anorexia and indigestion. Symptoms involving the skin and the nervous system |
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What is the DRI for Niacin? |
16mg for adolescent and adult men and 14mg for adolescent and adult women |
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What are the food sources of Niacin? |
Meat and dairy products, also high in tryptophan Also peanuts, beans, peas, whole grain or enriched breads |
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A white crystalline compound that is readily absorbed in the small intestine and combines with phosphorus to make the active molecule CoA, no known toxicity or deficiency |
Pantothenic Acid |
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An essential constituent of CoA, ______< controls metabolic reactions involving carbs, fat and protein |
Pantothenic acid |
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What's the AI of pantothenic acid? |
5mg/day |
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Where is pantothenic acid found? |
Plant and animal foods. Egg yolk, milk and broccoli |
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Sulfur containing vitamin and the minute traces in the body perform multiple metabolic tasks, no known deficiency, no known toxicity |
Biotin |
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_______< functions as a partner with CoA in reactions to participate in the synthesis of fatty acids, the synthesis of animosity acids and CO2 fixation to form purines for making genetic material |
Biotin |
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What adds to the body's supply of Biotin? |
Intestinal bacterial synthesis |
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What are good food sources for Biotin? |
Egg yolk, liver, tomatoes, and yeast |
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This vitamin is structured like a ring, it is water soluble but sensitive to light and alkali, found in three forms (each are active as precursors of the enzyme pyridoxal phosphate or PLP |
Vitamin B6 |
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Well absorbed in the upper segment of the small intestine, stored in the muscle but found in tissues throughout the body, evidence of its many metabolic activities involving protein |
Vitamin B6 |
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What are some examples of how the phosphate form of B6 (PLP) participates in amino acids reactions? |
Neurotransmitter Amino group transfer Niacin control Hemoglobin Immune function |
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Patients that suffer from anemia, Seizures (or other CNS abnormalities), preclampsia, chronic disease, or are certain meds may have a deficiency of what vitamin? |
B6 |
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What affects the RDA of B6? |
Relatively high protein intakes increase the need for Vitamin B6 |
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A B6 toxicity has what symptoms? |
Interfere with muscle co-ordination Damage to the nervous system |
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What foods is Vitamin B6 found in? |
Lots but mainly whole grains, legumes, meat, poultry, bananas Enriched and fortified grains |
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First extracted from dark leafy green veggies, a yellow crystal structure, folates are found in plants, folic acid is used to fortify foods |
Folates |
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What does the absorption of folates depend on? |
Whether it's sourced from plants or fortified foods (better) |
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What function does folate have? |
Coenzyme that attaches single carbons to metabolic compounds Ex Purines for cell division Thymine Hemoglobin |
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Anemia characterized by abnormally large immature red blood cells, occurs in B12 or folate deficiency |
Megaloblastic anemia |
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How does the presence of gastric acid affect folate absorption? |
Folates requires an acid environment to enable it's absorption |
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How does folate relate to birth defects? |
Folate is essential for the formation and closure of the neural tube in the early weeks of fetal development (21 to 28 days of gestation) it is critical that a mother be in good folate status prior to conception |
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What it the RDA for Folate for pregnant women? |
400mcg for all adolescents a day adults and increases to 600 mcg/day in pregnancy |
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What happens with a folate toxicity? |
Folate substitutes for B12 and as a result megaloblastic anemia and other nervous system damage |
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What are good sources of folate? |
Dark leafy green veggies, citrus, tomatoes, legumes as well as fortified grains Ready to eat cereals |
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Also named Cobalamin, a crystallized red compound from the liver that controlled both the blood forming and the nerve degeneration associated with pernicious anemia |
Vitamin B12 |
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What makes vitamin B12 absorption unique? |
Once it's split from its protein complex by hydrochloric acid in the stomach, it is then bound to a specific protein called intrinsic factor. This vitamin B12/intrinsic factor complex then moves to the intestine where special receptors in the wall of the ileum absorb it |
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Where is 50% of intrinsic factor stored? |
In the liver and the rest is distributed among tissues and slowly depleted |
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This vitamin participates in amino acid metabolism and formation of the heme portion of hemoglobin. It has a role in the synthesis of important lipids and proteins that form the myelin sheath covering the nerves of the brain and spinal cord |
Vitamin B12 |
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What are three clinical applications of Vitamin B12 deficiency? |
Can cause pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia left untreated can be fatal) Deficiency affects cognitive function People with low gastric levels especially Latinos are at risk |
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What are good food sources of Vitamin B12? |
Naturally occurring in meats and cheeses but found in fortified cereals breads and juices |
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Older individuals with low levels of gastric acid and vegans should supplement their diet with? |
Vitamin B12 |
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Youth and adults who drink limited amounts of milk or calcium fortified beverages should supplement with? |
Calcium |
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Children and adults who eat or drink limited amounts of Vitamin D containing foods and do not spend time outside should supplement with? |
Vitamin D |
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Name all of the B Vitamins |
Thiamin Folate Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic Acid Biotin B6 B12 |
The Fourth Rats Never Pass At 3 Bs |
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This vitamin plays an important role in growth, reproduction and immunity |
Vitamin A |
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