Nutrition (Vitamins)

Front 1

What are vitamins?

Back 1

-Organic molecules
-Required in small amounts
-Do not contribute to body's energy needs

Front 2

How are vitamins classified?

Back 2

Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B,C)

Front 3

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

Back 3

-Directly through intestinal cells and into CV system
-Dissolves in blood so freely transported
-Susceptible to kidney filtration... beyond storage capacity
-Vitamin B12 is stored more than other water-soluble vitamins

Front 4

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

Back 4

-Absorbed with dietary lipids
-Bioavailability = 40-90%
-Efficiency decreases with greater caloric ingestion

Front 5

What's the pathway for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

Back 5

LActeal-->lymphatic system-->CV system
-Lipoproteins "broken up"
Chylomicron remnants taken up by liver

Front 6

Vitamin B1 - Thiamin

Back 6

-Part of the co-enzyme TPP
-Works with PDH
-Deficiency is caused by reduction in food intake
-Beriberi: chronic thiamin deficiency, chronic weakness, weight loss
-Source: whole grains, pork

Front 7

Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin

Back 7

-Co-enzyme (FMN, FAD)
-Electron acceptor/transporter
-Deficiency: ariboflavinosis, inflammation of membranes (mouth, eyes, gastrointestinal system skin) and accompanies other micronutrient deficiencies
-Sources: milk/alternatives, whole grains, cereal products

Front 8

Vitamin B3 - Niacin

Back 8

-Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (precursor for NAD and NADP)
-Can be syntesized from tryptophan
-Deficiency: Pellegra (4 D's; diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)
-Sources: animal products (eggs, meat, milk, poultry, fish), whole grains
-Toxicity: Blood vessel dilation, painful "tingling" sensation
-High does to treat LDL choelsterol

Front 9

Biotin

Back 9

-Co-enzyme involved in Kreb's cycle, part of pyruvate carboxylase
-Contributes to gluconeogensis, fatty acid synthesis
-Deficiency: caused byc hronic consumption of raw egg white (skin rash, hair loss, neurological symptoms)
-Food sources: egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains

Front 10

Pantothenic acid

Back 10

-Part of co-enzyme A, making acteyl CoA
-Synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, hormones, hemoglobin
-Deficiency: fatigue, neurological symptoms
-Food sources: beef, poultry, whole grains, potatoes, tomatoes, broccoli

Front 11

Vitamin B6

Back 11

-Functions as a co-enzyme
1. Protein metabolism (need to make the 11 amino acids non-essential)
2. Blood cell synthesis (red/white blood cells, oxygen binding to hemoglobin)
3. Reduce risk of myocardial infarction (high levels of homocysteine related to M.I. that's converted to cysteine)
-Deficiency: microcytic hypochromic anemia (red blood cell is smaller than normal)
-Homocystinuria: inherited disease, lack of enzyme metabolizing cysteine
-Sources: cereals, meat, fish, poultry, bananas, watermelon, potatoes
-Deficiency: anemia, nervous system symptoms
-Toxicity: protein modification, permanent nerve damage

Front 12

What is ariboflavinosis?

Back 12

Inflammation of membranes caused by a deficiency in vitamin B2, riboflavin

Front 13

What is Pellegra?

Back 13

Diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death caused by a vitamin B3, niacin deficiency