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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Malnutrition is believed to cause _____ in the fetus.
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growth and mental retardation
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Average weight gain during pregnancy
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25-35 pounds
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Excess weight gain during pregnancy leads to
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remaining overweight
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Who should gain more weight during pregnancy: an adolescent or mature woman?
Why? |
An adolescent b/c she is still growing
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How many more calories a day are required during the second and third trimesters?
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300 calories
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Folic acid 400 ug daily to prevent______
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neural tube defects
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How much of an increase in protein should a pregnant woman have?
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20% increase
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Protein rich foods are also good sources of?
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iron, copper, zinc, and b vitamins
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Excess vitamin A is linked to
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birth defects
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Water-soluble vitamin intake should _____
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increase
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Calcium intake should_____
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increase
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If a mother is not consuming enough calcium, the baby will get its calcium from ________
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her bones
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Increased blood volume= increase need for ______
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iron
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Milk provides ______, _______, _________, _________, ________, and ________
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protein, calcium, phosphorus, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin
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what is the best choice for milk?
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fat-free
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When is morning sickness most likely to occur?
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first trimester
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What can help relieve morning sickness?
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Eat crackers or toast, small, frequent meals, avoid foods with offensive odors, avoid liquids at bedtime.
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Hyperemesis Gravidarum
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life threatening nausea
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What relieves constipation and hemmorhoids?
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Eating high fiber foods, getting exercise, drinkings 13 glasses of fluid daily, responding immediately when needing to defecate.
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Heartburn is caused by what?
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The growing fetus pushes on the mothers stomach and the stomach acid moves into the esophagus.
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What relieves heartburn?
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eating small frequent meals, avoiding spicy or greasy foods, avoiding liquids with meals, waiting an house after eating before laying down and waiting at least 2 hours before exercising.
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PIH
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Pregnancy induced hypertension
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PIH is characterized by
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high blood pressure, albumin in the urine, edema
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Who's at greatest risk for PIH?
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first time pregnancies, multifetal pregnancies, morbid obesity, women on inadequate diets
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Pica is the craving for what?
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nonfood substances such as starch, clay, or ice
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Anemia
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insufficiency of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or blood volume
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) causes what?
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premature and low birth weight
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Physical characteristics of a Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Baby
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small head, short eye slits, flat midface, thin upper lip
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Caffeine can?
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cross the placenta
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How much caffeine can you have?
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no more than 2 cups of caffeine beverages or 300 mg/day
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Why is smoking associated with reduced birth weight?
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It reduces oxygen and nutrients carried by blood
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Is Gestational diabetes permanent?
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no it usually disappears after birth
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Adolescent pregnancies need?
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support, education, and prenatal care
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Breastfeeding works as a _____and ______ mechanism
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supply and deman
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When infants nurse, their sucking initiates the release of?
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oxytocin
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Breastfeeding can help lower incidence of
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ear infections, diarrhea, allergies, and hospital admissions
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Breastfeeding helps the mother how?
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form mother/baby bond, helps mom lose pregnancy weight
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How many more calories does a lactating mother need?
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500 calories/day
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Each ounce of human milk contains how many calories?
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20 calories
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Breastfeeding moms need extra?
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protein, vitamin c, fat free milk, fluid intake
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When a nursing mother drinks caffeine what effects does it have on the baby?
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Causes baby to be irritable while nursing
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Infants should be fed when?
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on demand
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The demand schedule of an infant averages approximately how many hours?
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4
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By when should a baby double its birth weight?
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6 months
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By when should a baby triple its weight?
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The first year
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During the first year of life, the normal child needs how many calories per kg of body weight each day?
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98-108
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Basis of an infants diet is?
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breast milk or formula
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Mothers milk provides the infant with temporary what?
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immunity
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Bottle fed babies should be held in a semi-upright position to prevent what?
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ear infections
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Infants under what age should not be given cows milk?
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1 year
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Why should infants not be given cows milk?
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Its hard to digest, slow to digest, can cause GI blood loss, hard on kidneys
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Infants should only have formula or breast milk until when?
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4-6 months
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Formula or breast milk should be the main food source until when?
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1 year
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Solid foods should be introduced
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gradually and individually
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Order in which foods progressed to infants
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cereal, oat, wheat and mixed cereals.
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Honey shouldnt be given to infants because it contains what?
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clostridium botulinum bacteria
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Premature infant is born
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before 37 weeks
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Best food for preemie
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breast milk
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Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
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inherited disease that causes body to produce abnormal mucus within lungs and pancreas
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If not treated, infants with PKU
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become hyperactive, suffer seizures, and become mentally retarded.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus seen in children is related to the child's
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dietary habits and weight
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Girls have a greater need of the nutrient than boys do
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Iron
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Adolescent ages
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between 13 and 20
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Condition in which patient alternately binges and purges
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bulimia
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Group adolescents prefer to imitate
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peers
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Daily physical activity recommended for kids
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60 min
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As a child grows, his or her calorie requirement per pound of body weight ______
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decreases
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Physchologically induced lack of appetite
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anorexia nervosa
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Stage of life people develop eating habits
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childhood
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Increases appetites, especially for sweets
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marijuana
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Athletes have an increased need for?
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sodium and potassium
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Treatment option for a person with anorexia nervosa
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counseling
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Causes heart, breathing, and blood pressure rates to increase
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methamphetamines
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Habit that alters metabolism, increasing the need for Vitamin C
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smoking
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Accumulation of fat in the liver caused from alcohol abuse
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cirrhosis
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Should not be limited before the age of 2
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fat
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Children prefer what foods?
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finger foods
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In excess, may crowd out iron rich foods in young children
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milk
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During the second year of life, the average child should only gain how many pounds?
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5 lbs
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When stress occurs, what system does the body signal?
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endocrine
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______ is needed for wound healing, tissue building, and blood regeneration.
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Extra protein
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Why would a patient be NPO the night before surgery
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So food cant be regurgitated and aspirated into the lungs
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During the 24 hours immediately after major surgery, most clients will be given_________ only
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IV solutions
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A high protein diet of ____ to ___ grams a day may be recommended due to significant protein loss after surgery.
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80-100
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Peristalsis
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muscular contractions of the intestines
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Dumping syndrome characterized by
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dizziness, weakness, cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea
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Dumping syndrome is caused by
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food moving too quickly from the stomach into the small intestine after gastric surgery.
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Enteral Nutrition
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forms of feeding that brings nutrients directly into the digestive tract
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When a patient cannot or will not take food by mouth, they will be given
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tube feedings
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Ostomy
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surgical opening created to provide nutrition for greater than 6 weeks.
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Esophagostomy
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surgical opening in the esophagus
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gastrostomy
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surgical opening in the stomach
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jejunostomy
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surgical opening in the intestines
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Three methods for administering tube feedings
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continuous, intermittent, bolus
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Parenteral nutrition
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nutrition provided through a vein
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When is parenteral nutrition used?
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if the GI tract is not functional or if normal feeding is not adequate for the clients needs
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TPN
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total parenteral nutrition
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Sepsis
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an infection of the blood
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Burn patients lose
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electrolytes, fluids, and proteins
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When a burn patient is healing, the need more
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vitamin c, zinc, and b vitamins
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HIV stands for
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human immunodeficiency disease
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HIV definition
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a virus that weakens the body's immune system and ultimately leads to AIDS
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Is AIDS curable?
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no it is incurable and fatal
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AIDS is transmitted how?
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body fluids
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PEM
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protein energy malnutrition
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How should foods be offered to an AIDS patient? What kinds of foods should be avoided?
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frequent small meals, offer soft foods, avoid spicy, acidic, extrememly hot or cold foods
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What problems do AIDS patients have when eating?
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sores in the mouth, nausea, diarrhea
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__________ deficiencies are associated with a decline of the sense of taste
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mineral
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causes delayed wound healing, anemia, and depressed immune system
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PEM
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Pressure ulcers are what?
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bedsores
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Diet needed to speed the healing process of pressure ulcers
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high calorie
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Sit patient straight up to prevent
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choking
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Illness and surgery can destroy
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appetite
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Malnutrition caused by treatment or diagnostic procedures
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Iatrogenic
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Should not use straws
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dysphagic
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Length of life
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longevity
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While on bedrest, give the patient an opportunity to_____ before eating
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wash hands
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Gastric Bypass
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surgical reduction of the stomach
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What soothes hunger pains?
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water
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Fat in the abdominal cavity associated with a greater risk for health complications
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visceral
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A healthy diet has what percentage of proteins, carbs, and fat
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15-20% protein, 45-55% carbohydrates, 30% or less fat
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A gram of fat is equal to how many calories?
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9 calories
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Depress the appetite, cause nervousness and insomnia, habit forming
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amphetamines
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Learned psychological reaction to food caused by pleasant memories of eating
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appetite
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Avoid what foods to lose weight?
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processed
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Caused by an inadequate consumption of nutritious food because of depression, disease, or poverty
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underweight
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The best weight reduction diet is
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a balanced diet with controlled calories
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So overweight it is damaging to health
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morbid
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physiological need for food
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hunger
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10-20% above average weight
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overweight
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Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloating, and dizziness experienced after surgery
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dumping syndrome
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BMI stands for
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Body mass index
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Two major causes of death in middle and late adulthood
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heart attack and stroke
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Does bone density and metabolism increase or decrease with age?
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decrease
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Most common cause of being overweight
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energy imbalance
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how many calories equal 1 lb of weight gain
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3500 calories
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branch of medicine involved with diseases of the elderly
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geriatrics
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painful, stiffening of the joints due to structural changes in the cartilage
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arthritis
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Calorie requirement for people aged 51 and older decreases what percentage a decade?
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2%-3%
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fastest growing age group
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elderly
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high blood pressure
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hypertension
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in excess, speeds bone loss
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phosphorus
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age calorie requirement usually begins to decrease
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25
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condition in which bones become brittle because of insurfficient calcium
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osteoporosis
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1,000 mg/day recommended for adults aged 19-50
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calcium
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Bone loss usually begins between what ages?
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35-40
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What age is young adulthood?
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18-40
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What age is middle adulthood?
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40-65
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When does osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis become prevalent?
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middle adulthood
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Late adulthood people need how much of a protein increase?
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1 gram per kg of body weight
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Water in late adulthood helps prevent
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constipation, dehydration, and UTI's
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What helps anorexics?
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education, counseling for pt. and family
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Can babies have nuts?
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NO
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Types of patients need more protein
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burn, surgery, elderly
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80-100 g of protein
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high protein
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parenteral feeding
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IV feeding via vein
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enteral=
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oral
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How many additional calories does a pregnant woman need a day?
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300
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Too much vitamin A can lead to
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birth defects
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