Nutrition Study Guide Exam 1

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Nutrition

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is the study of foods and health

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Food security

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access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe, nutritious foods

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Food insecurity

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limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutritious foods, or the ability to acquire them in socially acceptable ways

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Calorie

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a unit of measure of the amount of energy supplied by food

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Nutrients

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chemical substances in food that are used by the body for growth and health.

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6 categories of nutrients

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carbohydrate

proteins

fats

vitamins

minerals

water

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Phytochemicals (phyto=plant)

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Chemical substances in plans. Some phytochemicals perform functions in the human body. They give plants color and flavor, participate, participate in processes that enable plants to grow, and protect plants against insects and diseases. Also called phytonutrients

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Antioxidants

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Chemical substances that prevent or repair damage to cells cause by exposure to oxidizing agents such as environmental pollutants, smoke, ozone, and oxygen. Oxidizing reactions are a normal part of cellular processes

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Essential nutrients

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nutrients required for normal growth and health that the body can generally not produce, or produce sufficient amounts. Essential nutrients must be obtained in the diet.

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Nonessential nutrients

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nutrients required for normal growth and health that the body can manufacture in sufficient quantities from other components of the diet. We do not require a dietary source of nonessential nutrients.

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Metabolism

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the chemical changes that take place in the body. The formation of energy from carbohydrate is an example of a metabolic process.

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Malnutrition

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means poor nutrition and results from both inadequate and excessive availability of calories and nutrients in the body.

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Chronic diseases

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slow developing, long lasting diseases that are not contagious (heart disease, diabetes, and cancer). They can be treated but not always cured.

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Energy-dense foods

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foods that provide relatively high levels of calories per unit weight of the food. Fried chicken;cheese-burgers; biscuit, egg, and sausage sandwhich:and potato chips are energy dense foods

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Empty-calorie foods

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foods that provide an excess of energy or calories in relation to nutrients. Soft drinks, candy,sugar, alcohol, and animal fats are considered empty calorie food.

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Nutrient-dense foods

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foods that contain relatively high amount of nutrients compared to their calorie value. Broccoli, collards, bread, cantaloup, and lean meats are examples of nutrient-dense foods.

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Diabetes

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a disease characterized by abnormal utilization of glucose by the body and elevated blood glucose levels. There are three main types of diabetes; type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 2 is the most common. Diabetes is short term for diabetes mellitus.

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Hypertension

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high blood pressure. It is defined as blood pressure exerted inside the blood vessel walls that typically exceeds 140/90 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury.

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Chronic inflammation

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low grade inflammation that last weeks, months, or years. Inflammation is the first response of the body's immune system to infectious agents, toxins, or irritants. It triggers the release of biologically active substance that promote oxidation and other reactions to counteract the infection, toxin, or irritants. A side effect of chronic inflammation is that it also damages lipids, cells, and tissues.

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Oxidative stress

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a condition that occurs when cells are exposed to more oxidizing molecules (such as free radicals) than to antioxidant molecule that neutralize them. Over time oxidative stress causes damage to lipid, DNA, cells and tissues. It increases the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and other diseases.

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Osteoporosis

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a condition in which the bones become fragile and susceptible to fracture due to loss of calcium and other minerals.

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Free radicals

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chemical substances (often O2 base) that are missing electrons. The absence of electrons makes the chemical substance reactive and prone to oxidizing nearby molecules by stealing electrons from them.

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Federal Trade Commission`

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can remove ads from airwaves and internet but enforcement efforts are weak and focused on the most dangerous products

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Scientific method

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a carefully planned method of scientific research

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Hypothesis

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a statement that can be proved or disproved by the research

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Epidemiological study

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research that seeks to identify conditions related to particular events within a population

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Clinical trial

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a study design where one group of randomly assigned subjects receives an active treatment and another receives an inactive treatment, or sugar pill called placebo

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Experimental group

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randomly assigned group of subjects that receives the test treatment

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Control group

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comparison group that receives a placebo (an inactive, imitation treatment)

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Double-blind procedure

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neither the scientist nor the patient knows if the patient is taking the drug or the placebo

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Placebo effect

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changes in health or perceived health that results from expectation that a treatment will produce and effect on health

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Garbage in - garbage out

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accurate ways to collect the needed information

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Statistically significant results

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statistical test are used to identify significant differences between findings from the experimental and control groups. Determine the probability that differences are real, not due to chance or coincidence`

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Cause and effect relationship

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a condition directly causes a particular event.

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%Daily Value (%DV)

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Scientifically agreed-upon standards of daily intake of nutrients from the diet developed for use on nutrition label. Represent percentages of standards (RDAs) obtained from one serving of the food product. Based on 2,000 calorie daily intake (60% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 10% proteins)

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Enrichment

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replacement of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and folate lost grains when grains are refined.

all refined grain products must be enriched.

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Fortification

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addition of one or more vitamins and/or minerals.

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Name potential food allergens

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milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, wheat, peanuts, and soybeans (accounts for 90% of food allergies).

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Food additives

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substances added to food that become part of the food or affect the characteristics of food.

Applies to substances added intentionally or unintentionally.

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Dietary supplement

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any product intended to supplement the diet includes vitamin, minerals, proteins, enzymes, herbs, hormones, and organ tissues. Does undergo testing or have FDA approval

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The COOL Rule

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A Country Of Origin Label must appear on products such as meats, fish, seafood, fruits, vegetables,nuts, and some herbs to help track down foodborne illness.