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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Recommended weight gains in pregnancy:
Underweight BMI<19.8 |
28-40
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Normal BMI 19.8-26
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25-35
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Overweight BMI 26-29
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15-25
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Obese BMI >29
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>15
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total energy needs are estimated to be ______ for an uncomplicated 40 week pregnancy
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55,000kcal
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The total iron requirement for an uncomplicated 40 week pregnancy is _______
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1000mg
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Less than _____ of women have sufficient iron stoores to support the high requirement of pregnancy
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50%
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Prevalence of iron deficiency is increased among women who:
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1)are members of minority
2)live in poverty 3)have fewer than 12 yrs education 4)have two or more children |
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Studies have demonstrated a link between iron deficiency anemia early in pregnancy and risk for _______.
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premature birth
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Maternal iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is also associated with _____.
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low birth weight
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What are the 3 possible mechanisms by which iron deficiency anemia might cause preterm delivery?
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1)chronic hypoxia initiating stress response
2)increased oxidative stress 3)infection due to impaired immune status |
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High blood levels of hemoglobin and other markers of iron status, such as ferritin, have also been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm delivery, low birth-weight, ______ and _____.
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preeclampsia and gestational DM
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The neural tube (precursor of the brain and spinal cord) forms _____ after fertilization of the ovum
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20-28days
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What are two examples of neural tube defects?
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1)spina bifida
2)anencephaly |
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It is clear that development of NTDs can be modulated by diet. Currently it is believed that _____ may be important in the development of NTD
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nutrient-gene interaction
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This percentage of women who deliver a baby with a NTD have no prior history of NTD
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95%
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Orange juice contains how many micrograms of folic acid per cup?
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109mcg = .109mg
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Women of childbearing age should consume how much folic acid per day?
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0.4mg
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What other drugs can cause birth defects such as cardiovascular defects, oral clefts, UTI, including NTDs
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trimethoprim, triamterene, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primodine
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What nutrients are involved in methyl group metabolism?
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folic acid, choline, and methionine
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This nutrient appears to be an important mediator of neural tube closure
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choline and folate
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This nutrient appears to be important later in fetal development as a factor influencing hippocampal development and affecting memory in offsprin
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choline and folate
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Studies have shown that women who consume 4500+mcg of vitamin A per during early pregnancy have a 3.5fold increased risk for delivering a baby a _______
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birth defect
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Nutritional complications of FAS include protein-energy malnutrition )retards brain development), ______, ______, __________
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zinc deficiency, folic acid deficiency, and increased oxidative stress
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What two of the most common congenital abnormalities affecting male births are associated with paternal, not maternal expossure to pesticides or smoling?
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cryptorchidism (pesticides)
hypospadias (smoking)-weak association with brain tumors and lymphoma |
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This is present in very high concentrations (____) in semen
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vitamin C 400uM
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Nutrients that have been identified as potentially important mediators of male fertility include?
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folic acid, zinc, vitamin C
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What are the four artificial sweeteners approved by FDA?
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1)aspartame
2)saccharin 3)sucralose 4)acesulfame K |
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Individuals with phenylketonuria should be aware tha phenylalanine will be release from what artifical sweetener?
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aspartame
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What dietary fat substitutes are currently in use in the US?
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1)simplesse
2)dairy-lo 3)litesse 4)olean |
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What is simpleese
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microparticulated protein
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What is dairy-Lo?
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modified whey protein concentrate
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What is Litesse?
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polydextrose
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What is Olean
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non-caloric fatty acid esters of sucrose (OLESTRA)
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This fat substitue is currently only found in savory snack foods, such as potato chips, corn chips, and crackrs
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Olestra
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How many americans aged 40 and over are blind and in addition how many are visually impaired
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>1 million, 2.4million
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what are the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness in the US?
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diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma
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What is the primary cause of incurable blindness in the united states
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
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What are the risk factors for AMD?
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1)age >60
2)female gender 3)FH 4)race (caucasions) 5)smoking 6)high dietary intake of fat and cholesterol |
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What is the implicated pathology of AMD?
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oxidative damage
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What supplementation may implicated in potentially conferring protection against AMD?
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antioxidants (vitamin E, C, and beta-carotene), zinc, copper, lutein (zeaxanthin-carotenoids that are selectively concentrated in the macula)
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Most, but not all, epidemiologic stuides have reported an inverse associateion of ______ intake/blood levels and incidence of cataract
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vitamin C
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What are lens defenses against cataracts?
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-antioxidants
-enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-glutathione peroxidase system) -proteases |
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What is the concentration of Vitamin C in the lens?
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>3mM
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Blood levels of ____ and ____ were decreased 22% in the groups receiving the antioxidant cocktail
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lutein and zeaxanthin
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What were the results of the antioxidant +/- zinc AREDS study?
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1)reduced risk for PROGRESSION to advanced AMD and loss of vision among high-risk participants (pre-existing characteristics of AMD) supplemented w/ either zinc or antioxidants AND zinc
2)little effect on progression in pts with less severe pre-existing conditions 3)no effect on development and/or progresson of lens opacities or visual acuity loss was observed in cataract arm |
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It is suggested that among the approximately 1.3 million older individuals who develop advanced AMD annually, more than _____ cases could be avoided thorugh appropriate supplementation
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300,000 cases
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This is presumed to be of primary improtance in protectin gthe brain from oxidant damage
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vitamin E
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This fraction of vitamin E may be more important than other forms of vitamin E for neuroprotection
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tocotrienol
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