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65 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Energy Metabolism (Vitamins and Minerals) |
-Req. for proper metabolism -DO NOT DIRECTLY provide energy -Contains no cal. -Often function as Coenzymes |
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Enzyme |
Protein that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction
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Coenzyme |
molecule that combines with an enzymes to activate it -Vit/and or Mineral + enzyme->metabolic reaction
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What are B-Vitamins important for |
Energy Metabolism Primary role to act as coenzymes |
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Thiamin (B1)- What are the functions? |
1. Coenzyme thiamin Pyrophosphate is required for carbohydrate metabolism 2. Coenzyme for the metabolism of some fatty acids
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Deficiency of Thiamin |
Beriberi Wernicke-Korakoff syndrome
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Beriberi |
Results in muscle wasting and nerve damage, also heart failure |
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Wernicke-Korakoff Syndrome |
from alcohol abuse where thiamin intake is decreased and absorption and utilization impaired |
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Functions of Riboflavin (Vitamin b2) |
1. Involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fat 2. Part of coenzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions 3. Part of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase |
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Ariboflavinosis |
causes sore throat and swollen mucous membranes |
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Vitamin B6 Functions |
1. Group of six related compounds 2.Part of a coenzyme for more than100 enzymes in energy metabolism 3. Assists in neurotransmitter synthesis |
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Vitamin B6 Deficiency |
Anemia , elevated levels of homocysteine *High homocysteine in blood is an associated with heart disease* |
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What does a woman need to increase during pregnancy? |
Folate -occurs early on- first 4 to 6 weeks
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What is Folate required for? |
Cell Division and proper formation of the neural tube |
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What should a capable pregnant woman consume? |
An extra 400 ug/ day of folate |
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True or False: Supplements are regulated by the FDA |
True
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Do supplements require FDA approval? |
They DO NOT. There are no federal guidelines to ensure purity, quality, safety or composition |
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Are there rules that limit serving sizes of dietary supplements? |
No rules |
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How can a supplement be removed from the market |
FDA must prove it is unsafe from stores or removed because claims not substantiated |
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Definition of Herb |
a plant or plant part used for its scent, flavor, and/or therapeutic properties |
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What terms on a label are no guarantee of quality? |
standardized, certified , or verified |
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Avoid using herbs during pregnancy or nursing |
Because active ingredients in many herbs and herbal supplements are not known |
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What is Body Mass Index (BMI)? |
- Express ratio of ones weight to square of his height -BMI= Weight (kg)/height (m)^2 |
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Components of Energy expenditure |
60-75% BMR 15-35% Physical activity energy cost 5-10% TEF |
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Leptin |
a hormone produced by fat cells that causes reduced food intake |
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What is required for weight changes |
- Gradual change in energy intake - Regular and appropriate physical exercise -Application of behavior modification techniques |
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What is the BMI of someone who is underweight? |
below 18.5kg/m^2 |
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Risks of Underweight |
Increases risk of infections and illness Can be just as unhealthy as overweight
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Chronic Diseases and complications linked to obesity are?? |
- Hypertension -Dislipidemia -Type 2 diabetes -Heart disease -stroke -gallbladder disease -osteoarthritis -sleep apnea |
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What is disordered eating? |
describes a variety of abnormal or atypical eating behaviors used to achieve or maintain a lower body weight
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Eating disorder |
psychiatric condition involving extreme body dissatisfaction and long-term eating patterns harming the body |
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anorexia Nervosa |
an obsessive-compulsive, perfectionist, socially inhibited, compliant, and emotionally restrained describe personality traits |
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Bulimia |
associated with impulsiveness, low-self esteem,erratic personality, and seeking attention and admiration |
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Female athlete triad |
serious medical syndrome frequently seen in female athletes that consists of Low energy Menstrual dysfunction Low bone density |
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Definition of Physical activity |
any muscle movement that increases energy expenditure |
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Leisure time physical activity |
activity unrelated to a persons occupation EX. Walking, hiking, etc. |
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What is carbohydrate loading (glycogen loading) |
involves altering training and carbohydrate intake |
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How is the carbohydrate loading done? |
6 days before race perform high exercise and eat low carb intake 1 day before race low exercise and high carb intake |
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What are Ergogenic aids used to icrease energy levels and optimize fuels use |
Caffeine ephedrine
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Caffeine |
- increases fat use for energy during ezercise -associated with serious side effects in children,adolescents, and young adults |
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Ephedrine |
Stimulant banned in U.S Serious side effects and deaths |
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Which Ergogenic Aids are supported by research? |
Anabolic Steroids, Creatine, Caffeine |
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What are the ranges of exercise intensity? |
Rest- Maximal |
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Food Illness( Food poisoning) |
Illness transmitted from food or water that contains a microscopic organism, its toxic secretions , or a toxic chemical |
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About how many Americans report foodboorn illnesses each year? |
about 48 million |
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What are the two types of foodborne illness |
1. Food infection 2. Food intoxication
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What is food infection? |
illness resulting from eating food contaminated with living organisms
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Food intoxication |
illness resulting from eating food in which microbes have secreted toxins (poisons) Intake from contaminated food or water
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What are common bacterial causes of foodborne illness? |
Salmonella Clostridium perfringens salmonella is the most deadliest |
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What does the virus hepatitis A do? |
Liver damage |
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What can toxins be? |
Neurotoxins or enterotoxins |
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Neurotoxins |
damage the nervous system |
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Enterotoxins |
damage the gastrointestinal tract |
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What are the four factors that affect the survival and reproduction of food microorganisms? |
-Temperature danger zine -humidity -acidity -oxygen content |
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What is the danger zone |
40 degrees - 140- degrees |
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Prevent foodborne illness by... |
1. wash hands 2. prevent cross contamination 3.chill or freeze foods 4. Cook food to their proper temperature |
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Preventing food illness by... |
Cook food thoroughly leeft overs should be stored in the refigerator thawed slowly in the refrigerator wash hands and kitchen surfaces often frozen food lasts |
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Preventing Food Spoilage Techniques to draw water out of foods |
1. Salting or sugaring 2. Drying 3. Smoking |
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Technique to not draw water out of foods |
Cooling |
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What are sulfrates and nitrites |
Preservatives that have raised health concerns |
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genetic modification |
the DNA of an organism is altered to bring about changes in its seeds or offsprings |
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Original Intent for developing GMO(genetic modified organisms) |
was to increase crop production from pesticides and herbicides |
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Most Common pesticides |
insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides |
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Recombinant bovine growth hormone(rBGH) |
a gentically engineered growth hormone goven to cows |
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Food insecurity |
inability to obtain enough food to meet physical needs everyday 14.9 experienced food insecurity |
