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251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are vitamins
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organic substances need by the body in small amounts for normal metabolism growth and maintenance
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what does vita mean
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life
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what does amines mean
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structure
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what are the functions of vitamins
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regulators or adjusters of metabolic processes or as coenzymes, they regulate biological functions. There functions are specific so no substitutes are permitted
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how are vitamins classified
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fat or water soluble
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how are vitains A, D, and E measured
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in international units
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what are RDAs and AIs measured in
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micrograms and milligrams
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what are the water soluble vitamins
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C, eight B-complex vitamins
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what are the fat soluble vitamins
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A, B, E, K
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what are the two forms of vitamin A
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the preformed vitamin-retinol, retinoic acid
provitamin A-in beta-carotene carotenoids |
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how is vitamin A transported
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bound to a retinol-binding protein
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what is vitamin A used for
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reproduction, visual process, stability of cell membranes, healthy skin cells, proper bone growth, energy regulation
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what are the chemicals in the eye responsible for the conversion of light to electrical impulses.
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rhodopsin which is broken down into opsin and vitamin A in dim light
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what does vitamin A deficiency cause
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night blindness, which is impaired dim light vision. it is caused when the body fails to convert opsin and vitamin A into rhodopsin due to lack of vitamin A
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what is red light
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breaks down rhodopsin more slowly than other wavelengths of light so aviators sit in red light room before flying at night
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what is xerophthalmia
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abnormal thickening and drying of the outer surface of the eye and is a leading cause of blindness in the some developing countries and is caused by vitamin a deficiency
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what does retinoic acid do
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keeps epithelial tissue healthy and suppresses osteoblasts and stimulates osteoclasts for normal bone growth It also regulates the synthesis of an enzyme in brown adipose tissue the controls cellular production of energy as heat.
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what is keratinization
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tissue breaks down to lack of vitamin A.
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where is preformed vitamin A found
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in animal foods such as liver, kidney, egg yolk, and fortified milk products
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where is provitamin A found
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in carotenoids which is a yellow/orange pigment in bright green leafy veggies, carrots, squash, cantaloupe, apricots, and sweet potatoes
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what is hypervitaminosis A
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vitamin A toxicity
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what are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis A
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increased cranial pressure, headaches, blurred vision, pain in bones and joints, dry skin, poor appetite
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what is carotenemia
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orange skin due to too much beta-carotene when you eat too much carrots or squash
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why is vitamin D called the sunshine vitamin
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it is a hormone that can be made by the body if you are exposed to sunlight
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what is vitamin Ds main function
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promote bone growth
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what are the two forms of vitamin D
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ergocalciferol-vitamin D2
cholecalciferol-vitamin D3 |
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where does ergocalciferol come from
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formed when ergosterol (provitamin) in plants is irradiated by sunlight
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where does cholecalciferol come from
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formed when 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin) in the skin of animals or humans is irradiated by UV light or sunlight
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where is vitamin D absorbed
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in duodenum but mostly in distal small intestine
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what is calcidol
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inactive form of vitamin D
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what is calcitrol
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active form of vitamin D
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how does Vitamin D promote bone mineralization
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stimulates DNA to produce transport proteins which bind calcium and phosphate increasing their intestinal absorption, once the minerals are absorbed in the blood, vitamin D stimulates bone cells to build and maintain bone tissue and it also stimulates kidneys to return calcium to bloodstream rather than excreting to urine
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what does the parathyroid hormone do
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causes catabolism of bone to maintain correct serum calcium level
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what is rickets
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vitamin D deficiency in children that causes soft, fragile bones
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what is osteomalacia
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vitamin D deficiency in adults which is softness of bones, spine, pelvis and lower extremities
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what aids vitamin D deficiency
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lead poisoning
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what are the food sources of vitamin D
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eggs, vitamin D fortified milk products, butter, liver, fish oil
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what are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis D
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loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, polyuria, muscular weakness, constipation. More serious can cause calcium deposits in the brain heart and kidney
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where is vitamin E stored
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in the adipose tissue
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what is the major function of vitamin E
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antioxidant
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what is oxidation
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process by which a substance combines with oxygen
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what form does vitamin E come in
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tocopherols
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what are the other functions of Vitamin E
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protects lung cell membranes against air pollution, reduced risk of parkinsons disease from high intakes of vitamin E from Foods not supplements
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what does vitamin E deficiency cause in animals
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sterilit, suppressed immune system
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what does vitamin E deficiency cause in humans
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degenerative neurological problems and hemolytic anemia, chronic fat malabsorption, muscle weakness and forms of muscular dystrophy
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what happens to premie infants with inadequate vitamin E reserves
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they develop anemia
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what are the sources of vitamin E
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vegetable oil (highest in monounsaturated fatty acids are he best) such as canola oil and olive oil, whole grains, fortified cereals, wheat germ, nuts, leafy vegetables, margarine, egg yolks, butter, milk fat.
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what destroys vitamin E
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frying
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what does vitamin K do
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impact the effectiveness of anticoagulants. It plays a role in the development of prothrombin, necessary for blood clotting.
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who has no Vitamin K
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newborns
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what are the forms of Vitamin K
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phylloquinone (k1)- in plant foods
menaquinone (K2)-synthesized by intestinal bacteria phytonadion-water soluble injectable form |
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what is another function of vitamin K
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synthesize bone protein by facilitating the synthesis of osteocalcin and helps regulate serum calcium levels
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where are vitamin K dependent proteins found
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in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, lung and spleen
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what is osteocalcin
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hormonally regulated calcium binding protein made by bone building cells
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what are the sources of Vitamin K
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intestinal synthesis by bacteria and food sources such as green leafy vegetables, vegetables of the cabbage family such as broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, collards, salad greens, and spinach.
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what can cause vitamin K deficiency
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antibiotics
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what can hinder the use of fat soluble vitamins
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protein deficiency
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what does zinc deficiency mimic
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vitamin A deficiency
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what are the water soluble vitamins
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C, thiamin, riboflavin, Niacin, B6, folic acid, B12
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what destroys water-soluble vitamins
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cooking
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what are the 3 reactions of water soluble vitamins
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reactions that release energy form fats and CHOs, reactions that break down and rebuild amino acids, functions necessary for proper formation of RBCs
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where is vitamin C absorbed and where is the greatest amount found
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absorbed in small intestine and greatest total amount is found in the liver
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what do B-complex vitamins function as
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coenzymes for body reactions, promote growth of bacteria
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what are the functions of Vitamin C
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aids in wound, burn and fracture healing, act as an antioxidant, assists in synthesis of neurotransmitters and hormones, and enhances absorption of iron and converts folic acid to an active form , also is necessary for the formation of collagen
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what is collagen
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fibrous protein in connective tissue.
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what are the results of vitamin C deficiency
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scurvy, tender sore gums, small skin hemorrhages, wound healing is delayed, scars separate
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what are the sources of vitamin C
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citrus fruits, papaya, cantaloupe, broccoli, brussel sprouts, green peppers, strawberries, white potatoes, cabbage, asparagus, berries
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what does vitamin C toxicity cause
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rebound scurvy, nausea, abdominal cramping diarrhea, causes false readings in urine glucose tests and stool guaiac for occult blood
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what is thiamine
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vitamin B1, a coenzyme in CHO metabolism that helps with nerve conduction and is required to convert tryptophan to niacin
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what is beriberi
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deficiency of thiamine that causes paralysis becuase the myelin sheaths covering peripheral nerve endings disintegrate. Also causes mental confusion and muscle cramps and Wernike-Korsakoff Syndrome
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who is at greatest risk for thiamine deficiency
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alcoholics
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what is wernike-Korsakoff syndrome
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motor and sensory deficits as well has short term memory deficits
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what are the sources of thiamine
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pork, wheat germ, yeast, black beans, black eyed peas, fortified cerials
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what are thiamine antagonists
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brussel sprouts and red cabbage
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what is the function of riboflavin (B2)
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it is a coenzyme in metabolism of protein and other vitamins. Makes urine orangish yellow because kidneys excrete excess B2
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when does riboflavin deficiency occur
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with thiamin and niacin deficiencies-sores in mouth, cracked lips, sensitivity to light, sore tongue
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what is ariboflavinosis
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a person who avoids all dairy products may be deficient in riboflavin alone.
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what are sources of B2
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milk and dairy products, eggs, organ meats, legumes, fortified cereals
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what is niacin
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coenzyme for energy metabolism and it helps with synthesis of fatty acids
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how is niacin converted
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liver converts tryptophan into niacin what is niacin deficiency
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how is pellegra formed
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diet must lack both tryptophan and niacin
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what are the sings of pellegra
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weakness, indigestion, lack of appetite and energy, dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
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what are the food sources of niacin
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meat, fish poultry, fortified grain products, coffee
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what happens i niacin toxicity
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flushing and rash occur
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what is pyridoxine
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B6, coenzyme in synthesis and catabolism of amino acids, helps in conversion of tryptophan to niacin, and epinephrine, dopamin, and serotonin need B6 as coenzyme
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where is pyridoxine absorbed
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in jejunum
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where is most of pyridoxine found
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in muscle tissue
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what are the food sources of pyridoxine
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sirloin streak, salmon, chicken, whole grain products, bananas, nuts
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what is folic acid needed for
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protein and DNA synthesis, maturation of red blood cells with B12.
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where is folic acid absorbed
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in jejunum
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what does folate conjugase do
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coenzyme that separates folic acid from amino acid
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what cuases folate deficiency
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chronic alcoholism
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who needs folic acid
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pregnant women, young children and infants. in prevents neural tube defects
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what does folate conjugase do
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coenzyme that separates folic acid from amino acid
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what does folic acid deficiency cause
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megaloblastic anemia-red, smooth, swollen tongue, heartburn, fainting, diarrhea, fatigue, no nerve damage, but irritability, forgetfulness, hostility, paranoia, stops the spread of malaria.
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what cuases folate deficiency
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chronic alcoholism
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who needs folic acid
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pregnant women, young children and infants. in prevents neural tube defects
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what is the RDA for adults of folic acid
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400 micrograms
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what is the RDA for pregnant women for folic acid
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600 mcg
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what does folic acid deficiency cause
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megaloblastic anemia-red, smooth, swollen tongue, heartburn, fainting, diarrhea, fatigue, no nerve damage, but irritability, forgetfulness, hostility, paranoia, stops the spread of malaria.
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what is the RDA for adults of folic acid
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400 micrograms
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what are the food sources of folic acid
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green leafy veggies (broccoli, spinach), lima and kidney beans, strawberries, liver, fortified grains
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what is vitamin B12
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essential coenzyme in DNA and RNA, myelin and red blood cell formation
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what is the RDA for pregnant women for folic acid
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600 mcg
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what is the intrinsic factor
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protein binding factor needed to absorb B12 in ileum, secreted by gastric mucosa in sotmach
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what are the food sources of folic acid
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green leafy veggies (broccoli, spinach), lima and kidney beans, strawberries, liver, fortified grains
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what is vitamin B12
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essential coenzyme in DNA and RNA, myelin and red blood cell formation
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what is pernicious anemia
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caused by lack of intrinsic factor, seen in Crohns disease because people don't absorb B12 well, caused by diet without animal products
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what is the intrinsic factor
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protein binding factor needed to absorb B12 in ileum, secreted by gastric mucosa in sotmach
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what is pernicious anemia
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caused by lack of intrinsic factor, seen in Crohns disease because people don't absorb B12 well, caused by diet without animal products
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what are the symptoms of pernicious anemia
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numbness/tingling in hands and feet, red blood cell changes, moodiness, delusions, psychosis and death
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what can mask pernicious anemia
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adequate folic acid
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what are the food sources of vitamin B12
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meat, milk cheese eggs, nutritional yeast, fortified tofu or soy products
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what is pantothenic acid used for
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metabolism of CHO fat and protein in synthesis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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when in there an increased need of pantothenic acid
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i alcoholism, diabetes, IBD
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what are the sources of pantothenic acid
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liver, egg yolks, whole grains, potatoes, broccoli
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what synthesizes pantothenic acid
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colonic bacteria
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what is biotin
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coenzyme in gluconeogenesis fatty acid metabolism and amino acid catabolism that forms purines
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what are purines
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essential components of DNA and RNA
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what are the sources of biotin
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liver, nuts, egg yolks, legumes, tomatoes, fortified cereals
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what causes biotin deficiency
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antibiotics that kill intestinal bacteria that makes biotin
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what are the symptoms of biotin deficiency
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rash,muscle pain, alopecia, depression, hallucinations
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who is at risk for biotin deficiency
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alcoholics, GI disease, long term hemodialysis, long term anticonvulsant therapy
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what is choline
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precursor of acetylcholine
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what does choline do
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vital in brain development and structural component of cells and helps movement of fat into cells and decreases liver fat by increasing phospholipid turnover
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what causes choline deficiency
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fatty liver and cirrhosis
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what are the sources for choline
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milk, eggs, liver, peanuts
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what is choline deficiency symptoms
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sweating, salivation, hypotension, hepatotoxicity, fishy body odor
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who is at risk for choline deficiency
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pregnant women, infants, vegans, clients with malabsorption disorders or on TPN
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how are vitamin-like compounds created
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made by cells using amino acids or glucose
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what does refined mean
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process by which parts of foods are removed
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what is enrichment
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process by which the B vitamins thiamin, ribroflavin, niacin, folic acid and the mineral iron are added to refined grains and grain products at levels specified by law
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what is fortification
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foods to which nutrients have been added
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what is pasteurization
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the process of sterilizing food via heat treatment
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what is homogenization
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to break up the fat particles so they do not separate
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is water a nutrient
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yes but it has no caloric value
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what is extracellular fluid
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water outside cells
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what is intracellular fluid
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water inside cells
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what is interstitial fluid
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transports substances
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what is edema
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puffiness of skin from water leaking into surrounding tissues from lack of protein to regulate fluid exchange
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what are teh minerals outside cell
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sodium and chloride
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what are the minerals inside the cell
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potassium, calcium, phospahte, magnesium
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how much water is lost through sweat, urine and feces
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3 pints
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what is the normal body temp
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98.6
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what causes water intoxication
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IV or GI route
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what does water intoxication cause
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malfunctioning kidneys and in some cases death, need sodium to balance water out
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what is intravascular fluid
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found within blood vessels, capillaries, arteries, veins,
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what is plasma
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liquid part of blood
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what is serum
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liqued part of blood minus the clotting elements
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what are the trancellular fluids
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cerebrospinal fluid, pericardial fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, intraocular fluid, GI secretions
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what is osmosis
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movement of water ocross a semipermeable membrane from an area with few particles to one with more particles
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what do sodium pumps do
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move sodium ions out of cells, water follows
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what o potassium pumps do
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move potassium ions into cells
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what does osmotic pressure causes
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a solvent like water to cross a membrane while the particles that are outside can't go through
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what is osmolality
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measure of osmotic pressure exerted by the number of dissolved particles per weight of liquid
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what is osmolarity
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measure of osmotic pressure exerted by the number of dissolved particles per volume of liquid
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what is hypotonic osmolality
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fluids exerting less osmotic pressure than plasma
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what is hypertonic osmolality
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fluids exerting greater osmotic pressure than plasma from tube feedings, TPN, oral enteral supplements, varied infant formulas-changes in nutrient content
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what is isotonic osmolality
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fluids have same osmolality as blood-plain water, saliva, gastric glands
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what is the normal pH
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6.8-7.0
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what are sensible water losses
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perspiration, urine
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what are insensible losses
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water lost through lungs and skin
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what is obligatory excretion
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set amount of water lost daily via urine to carry away wastes, 400-600 mL a day
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what is above pylorus water losses
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vomiting or stomach suctioning
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what are the below pylorus water losses
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diarrhea and intestinal suctioning
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what are teh symptoms of fluid volume deficit
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thrist, appetite loss, nausea
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what are the signs of fluid volume deficit
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orthostatic hypotension, decreased skin turgor, dry mouth, delayed filing of hand veins, shock.
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what is the treatment of excess fluid volume
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fluid restrictions, osmotic diuretic drugs, high protein diet, vitamin/mineral supplement
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what are major minerals
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macro minerals, present in the body in quantities greater than 5 grams. body needs intake of 100mg or more each day of major minerals. Sodium, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium sulfur, chloride
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what are trace minerals
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microminerals, present in the body in amounts less than 5 grams. Iron, iodine, fluoride, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum
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how are minerals absorbed
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absorbed through small intestine, into the blood, then to the tissue
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what is bioavailability
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amount of an element that the body can absorb and use
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what are teh acidic minerals
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chlorine, sulphur, phosphorous
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where are acidic minerals found
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in protein rich foods like fish, poultry and meat
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what are the basic minerals
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potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium
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what are the food sources of basic minerals
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fruits and vegetables
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what do sodium and potassium do
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maintain water balance
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what do sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium do
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needed for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
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when do bone calcium pool turn over
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every 10-12 years
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what are osteoclasts
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destroy protein matrix
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what do osteoblasts do
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build new protein matrix
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what does the parathyroid hormone do
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secreted when calcium levels fall, starting calcium withdraw from bone
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what are factors that increase calcium absorption
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adequate vitamin D in body, acid conditions in digestive tract, presence of milk sugar in digestive tract, lack of stress, ingestion in small amounts through out day, physiologic need for calcium
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what are factors that decrease calcium absorption
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oxalic acid, phytic acid, rapid movement through intestines, high fiber diets and laxatives, high fat diet, lack of exercise
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what are animal sources of calcium
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milk/milk products, sardines, calms, oysters, salmon
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what are plant sources of calcium
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rhubarb, spinach, broccoli, greens, kale, tofu, legumes, calcium fortified OJ.
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what is osteoporosis
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bone mineral density greater than 2.5 Std deviations below that mean of young adults
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what is osteopenia
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bone mineral density 1-2.5 std deviations below that mean of young adults
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what are sources of oxalic acid
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cranberries, gooseberries, chard, spinach, beet leaves, rhubarb
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what is tetany
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muscle contractions in wrist an ankles due to lack of ionized calcium
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what are the signs of hypocalcemia
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tetany, alkalosis-pH above 7.45
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what causes alkalosis
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vomiting, gastric suction, hyperventilation
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what causes hypercalcemia
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malignancy or hyperparathroidism
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what is the milk-alkali syndrome
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ingestion of absorbable alkali and milk-high blood calcium and causes kidney stones
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what are the functions of phosphorous
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needed for energy to be released from CHO and fat, transfers energy from food to ells, helps with acid base balance, assists in nutrient absorption and transfer
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what are the sources of phosphorous
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lean meat, dairy products, nuts, legumes, whole grain, cereals, cola beverages
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when do you see hypophosphatemia
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malabsorption, buns, uncontrolled diabetes, poor phosphate intake or too many antacids
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what can cause hyperphosphatemia
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infants only getting cows milk, overload of phosphate
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what is refeeding syndrome
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wasted or starved clients given excessive nutrients and body cannot handle
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what inhibits magnesium absorption
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calcium and phosphate
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what are the functions of magnesium
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provides cells with readily available supple of chemical energy, relaxes muscles after contractions, functions with insulin and other hormones
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what are the sources of magnesium
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green veggies, corn, carrots, nuts, seeds, chocolate, whole grain cereals, oats and barely
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who do you see with magnesium deficiency
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elderly with poor diets, alcoholics, diuretic users
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how happens in sodium and chloride levels are low
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vomiting, diarrhea, sweating
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what is the functions of sodium
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maintain fluid balance-must have for transmission of electrochemical impulses along nerve and muscle tissue
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what is aldosterone
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hormone that causes kidney to send sodium back into blood
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what is dilutional hyponatremia
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low sodium due to excess of water
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what does potassium do
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causes contraction of nerve muscles and heart, help maintain water balance, helps with protein and CHO metabolism
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what are the sources of potassium
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unprocessed foods-legumes, green leafy veggies, winter squash, baked potato with skin, bananas, cantaloupe, watermelon, OJ, salt substitutes
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what causes hypokalemia
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diarrhea, vomiting, laxative abuse, protein energy malnutrition what can hyperkalemia produce cardiac arrest
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what causes hyperkalemia
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diabetic acidosis, kidney failure, severe burns
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what are the functions of irons
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carries and releases oxygen to cells, part of collagen synthesis, production of antibodies, removal of fats from the blood, conversion of carotene to vitamin A, detox of drugs in the liver, conversion of fuel nutrients to energy
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what is heme iron
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easily absorbed, from meats and fish
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what is non heme iron
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difficult to absorb, in plant foods
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what is heme
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non protein portion of hemoglobin that contains iron
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what is globin
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protein part of hemoglobin
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what is myoglobin
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protein in muscle tissue that stores )2 within cells
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what is ferritin
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main storage form of iron in the body
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what is hemosiderin
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excess iron stored in the liver
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what is apoferritin
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protein the intestinal mucousal cells that combines with iron to form ferritin; always attached to iron in body
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what enhances iron absorption
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physiological need like growth and pregnancy, acid stomach conditions-vitamin c helps keep iron in reduced form for easy absorption, and high altitude
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what lessens iron absorption
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high fiber diet, phytic acid in cereals and grains, animal tissue intake, tannates-in coffee and tea-lock non heme iron from absorption
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what is micocytic anemia
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red blood cells smaller than normal
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what is hypochromic anemia
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less hemoglobin so there is less cell color
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what is hematchromatosis
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excess iron accumulates and damages tissues (auto-recessive disease)
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where is iodine located
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thyroid
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what is T4
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thyroxine
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with is T3
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triiodothyronine
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what do T4 and T3 do
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increase rate of oxidation in cells which increases metabolism
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what are the sources of iodine
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saltwater fish, shellfish, seaweed, iodized salt
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what is a goiter
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iodine deficiency that causes an enlarged thyroid that can impair breathing
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what is is hyperthyridism
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oversecretion of thyroid hormones which increases metabolic rate above normal
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what is hypothyroidism in pregnancy
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cretinism-mental and physical retardation
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what is myxedema
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hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency
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where is zinc located
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eyes, male reproductive organs, liver, bone, muscle
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what does zinc do
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cofactor for many reactions, releases carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs, needed for growth, wound healing, tissue repair and it protects against disease and provides immunity
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what are the sources of zinc
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fortified cereals, shellfish, oysters, red meat, and cheese
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what is a chelating agent
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protects body from lead and calcium poisoning
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what does copper do
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stimulates iron absorption, helps with storage, release and synthesis of hemoglobin, required for energy release
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what is wilson's disease
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copper deficiency that is an autosomal recessive trait
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what is garlic used for
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lower cholesterol
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what is echinecea used for
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shorten cold symptoms
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what is st. johns wort used for
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depression
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what is valerian root used for
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natures valium that aids in sleep
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what is kava kava used for
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anxiety
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what does SamE do
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increase immunity and balance hormones
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what does glucosamine chondroitin do
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rebuild cartilage
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what is soy hormone replacement used for
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menopause and night sweats
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what is saw palmetto used for
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for prostate health
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what is cranberry juice tablets used for
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urine more acidic to avoid UTIs
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what is acai used for
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mild antioxidant effects, lift in overall energy, increases detoxification of body, lass of appetite, should use with colon pro.
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