Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Nutrients / Essential Nutrients |
Substance that will nourish the body / component that the body cannot make |
|
|
six classes of essential nutrients |
Carbohydrates (CHO) , Lipids (Fats + Oils) , Proteins, vitamins, minerals , WATER |
|
|
Carbohydrate + Protein energy release |
4 kcal / g |
|
|
Fat ( Lipid) energy release |
9 kcal / g |
|
|
Alcohol energy release |
7 kcal / g |
|
|
What nutrients do not release energy? |
vitamins, minerals and water = 0 |
|
|
How do vitamins function in metabolic activity? |
Involved in chemical reactions that release energy from Carbs, fats and proteins |
|
|
Water soluble vitamins |
B vitamins + C (ascorbic) acid |
|
|
Fat soluble vitamins |
A + D + E + K |
|
|
How do minerals function in the body |
Component of bone + teeth, maintenance of homeostasis ( Fluid, enzyme co-factors, body compounds) |
|
|
Epidemiological study |
populations of people at a time with correlation between [Diet + disease] |
|
|
Model systems study |
Study an animal similar to human digestion |
|
|
Clinical trials |
Intervention study - intervening to accomplish a goal |
|
|
Current contemporary nutritional research? |
Over nutrition, obesity, chronic diseases : Optimal nutrition, disease patterns |
|
|
non-modifiable |
age, gender, genetics, etc. |
|
|
Modifiable |
Diet, physical, activity, smoking, etc. |
|
|
Anthropometrics |
height, weight, body composition (lean tissue vs. fat) |
|
|
Biochemical indices |
blood, urine, feces, sweat, hair |
|
|
Clinical indices |
medical history , physical exam |
|
|
Basic principles for Nutritional Health |
Variety food groups, balance intake, moderation (sugar salt fat) , Adequacy --> Essential nutrients |
|
|
Nutrient density |
Ratio derived = Nutrient Content / Calorie content |
|
|
Energy density |
Calorie content : Weight of the food |
|
|
GIT Contains what organs |
Mouth, Stomach, Small intestine and Large Intestine |
|
|
Function of mouth |
chew + mix food with saliva to form bolus : Enzymes in saliva aid digestion --> CHO |
|
|
Function of Stomach |
Adds HCL acid, enzymes + fluid : Mixes and grinds bolus into chyme / breaks some chemical bonds |
|
|
Function of Small intestine |
digestion is completed, major absorption. Enzymes digest CHO, fat, protein |
|
|
Function of Large intestine |
Reabsorbs water + minerals / Passes waste + some water to rectum |
|
|
Actions of GIT |
Secretion of (enzymes, mucous + bile) out of body / Release of hormones to regulate digestion, absorption, metabolism. / Nutrients --> circulatory system |
|
|
Enzymatic reactions depend on... |
Acid - Base conditions (pH) / Substrate type / Co-enzyme presence + compounds |
|
|
Gastrin |
Hormone: Stomach: Stimulates stomach acids + enzymes |
|
|
Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
Hormone: Small intestine: Stimulates pancreas + liver secretions + bile |
|
|
Secretin |
Hormone: Small intestine: Bicarbonate to neutralize acid |
|
|
Ulcers |
Erosion of cells top layer in stomach or duodenum (SI) / H. Pylori - Microorganism |
|
|
Lactose intolerance |
Lack of lactose enzymes |
|
|
Diverticulosis |
Small pouches form in the colon wall - inflammation |
|
|
Monosaccharides |
Glucose, fructose , galactose
|
|
|
Glucose |
Basic unit / Major type in energy metabolism --> ATP |
|
|
Disaccharides |
Sucrose, maltose, lactose |
|
|
Makeup of sucrose |
sucrase --> glucose + fructose |
|
|
Makeup of Maltose |
maltase --> Glucose + glucose |
|
|
Makeup of Lactose |
lactase --> Glucose + galactose |
|
|
Oligosaccharides |
Several monos linked together: Starch + bean sugars |
|
|
Bean sugars |
Indigestible: no enzymes to break bonds |
|
|
Polysaccharides |
Starch, glycogen, dietary fiber |
|
|
Carbohydrate enzyme |
Amylase - excreted from pancreas |
|
|
Glycogen |
Stored in Liver + muscles / Degrade by Vitamin B6 to turn to glucose |
|
|
When CHO consumption is inadequate |
Blood glucose lowered / Glycogen used / Protein catabolism increase / Fat catabolism increase |
|
|
Insulin (HYPER) |
Hormone: Blood sugar too HIGH / increase cell's glucose uptake --> Decrease blood sugar |
|
|
Glucagon (HYPO) |
Hormone: Blood sugar is too LOW / causes breakdown of glycogen (more glucose) --> Increase blood sugar |
|
|
Diabetes mellitus |
Inability to regulate blood glucose level (Type 1 - No insulin prod. Type 2 - Cells don't take insulin Gestational [type 2 - preg]) |
|
|
Fiber |
Recc: 14g --> 1000kcal |
|
|
Cholesterol |
Structural function: Component of cell membrane |
|
|
Albumin |
Bloop protein - Transport protein |
|
|
LDL |
(Low density lipoproteins) - Stays in blood a long time [Forms plaque] / moves cholesterol to most of body. "BAD cholesterol" |
|
|
HDL |
(High density lipoproteins) - Made by liver / lowers CVD risk "GOOD cholesterol" |
|
|
Regulating function of cholesterol |
Precursor for hormone synthesis / bile acid synthesis by liver: fat absorption |
|
|
Functions of Triglycerides |
(Fats and Oils) - Provisions of energy [9kcal] / oxidized to ATP / membrane foundation |
|
|
SFA |
Saturated Fatty Acids - NO double bonds/ Animal fats |
|
|
USFA |
Unsaturated fatty acids - Space for double bonds in hydrogen chain |
|
|
Atherosclerosis |
Hardening of the arteries = Buildup of plaque along arterial lining |
|
|
Artheriosclerosis |
Buildup of plaque in the aterioles (smaller vessels) |
|
|
Ischemia |
Lack of oxygen to tissue (Blood flow) |
|
|
Myocardial Infarction |
Heart attack - Occlusion of blood vessels to heart |
|
|
Cerebrovascular accident |
Stroke - Occlusion of brain blood vessels |
|
|
3 LOWS + 1 HIGH |
Triglycerides, blood cholesterol, LDL cholesterol / HDL cholesterol |
|
|
ideal fat intake |
25-30% |
