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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cardiovascular Disease
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*Coronary heart disease:
Most common form Caused by athrosclerosis in coronary arteries Decreased blood flow causes myocardial infarction *Stroke: Decreased blood flow to the brain |
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Athrosclerosis
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*Artery walls become progressively thickened due to accumulation of plaque
*Occurs due to minimal but chronic injuries that damage the inner arterial wall |
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Consequences of Athrosclerosis
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*Lumen narrows
*Plaque can rupture forming a clot (thrombus) *Thrombus can break free & shut off blood flow (embolism) *Ischemia occurs within the tissue Coronary arteries (angina pectoris & heart attack) Brain (stroke) *Aneurysm (sac-like distention of blood vessel wall) |
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Causes of Athrosclerosis
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*Inflammation & infection
*Shear stress/ hypertension *Smoking *Diabetes mellitus *Aging *Elevated LDL & VLDL *Gender Men > 45 Women > 55 |
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Coronary Heart Disease
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*Most common type
*Leading cause of death in U.S. *Risk factors: Smoking High LDL High blood pressure Diabetes Obesity Inactivity *Non-modifiable risk factors: Age Male Gender Family history |
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Lifestyle Changes for CHD
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*Cholesterol lowering diet (<200 mg)
*Weight reduction *Regular physical activity *Decrease saturated fat <7% total kcalories *Decrease total fat 25-35% of kcalories *Cholesterol lowering diet (<200 mg) *Weight reduction *Regular physical activity *Decrease saturated fat <7% total kcalories *Decrease total fat 25-35% of kcalories |
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Lifestyle Changes for Hypertriglyceridemia
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*Mild:
Weight reduction Physical activity Quit smoking Avoid refined CHO foods Restrict alcohol *Severe: Weight reduction Physical activity Very low-fat diet <15% of kcalories Medication |
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Drug Therapies for CVD Prevention
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*Statins:
Reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver *Bile acid sequestrants Reduce cholesterol & bile absorption in small intestine Side effects include constipation & gas *Nicotinic acid Lowers triglycerides & raises HDLs *Anticoagulants & aspirin Suppress blood clotting *Blood pressure medications *Nitroglycerin for angina |
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Treatment for Heart Attack
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*Drug therapy
Thrombolytics Anticoagulants Aspirin Painkillers Blood pressure medications Rhythm stabilizers *No solid food until stable Soft-foods Low sodium Low saturated fat Low cholesterol *Cardiac rehabilitation |
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DASH Diet
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*Limit:
Red meats Sweets Sugar-containing beverages Saturated fat to 7% Cholesterol 150 mg/day |
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Congestive Heart Failure
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*Heart’s inability to pump adequate blood
*Fluids build up in veins & tissues *Heart enlarges *75% are 65 or older |
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Consequences of Heart Failure
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*Consequences:
Fluid accumulation in liver, abdomen, & lower extremities Chest pain, swelling legs, ankles, feet, SOB Impaired liver & kidneys Heart failure Cardiac cachexia |
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Management of Heart Failure
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*Sodium & fluid restrictions
*Diuretics *Small frequent meals *Vaccinations for influenza & pneumonia *Adequate fiber *Avoid alcohol *Liquid supplements, tube feedings, parenteral support |
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Stroke
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*3rd leading cause of death
*Types: Ischemic Hemorrhagic Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) |
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Stroke Prevention & Management
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*Prevention:
Recognize risk factors Lifestyle changes *Management: Thrombolytic drugs Maintain nutrition status *Problems: Lack of coordination Difficulty swallowing |
