Nutrition Chapter 12

Front 1

Water constitutes about ___% of an adult's body weight.

Back 1

60%

Front 2

Functions of water in the body:

Back 2

-carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body;
-maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen;
-participates in metabolic reactions;
-serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities;
-acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and amniotic sac;
-aids in the regulation of normal body temp;
-maintains blood volume

Front 3

The body must excrete a minimum of about ____ mL of water each day.

Back 3

500 mL (2 cups)

Front 4

On average, daily water losses total about ____ L.

Back 4

2.5

Front 5

Water needs vary depending on:

Back 5

diet, activity, environmental temp, and humidity

Front 6

What is ADH?

Back 6

a water-conserving hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water.

Front 7

What does renin do?

Back 7

causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium.

Front 8

What does renin do?

Back 8

causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium.

Front 9

Renin

Back 9

an enzyme from the kidneys that hydrolyzes the protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Front 10

Angiotensin II is a powerful _______

Back 10

vasoconstrictor

Front 11

Vasoconstrictor

Back 11

a substance that constricts or narrows the blood vessels

Front 12

The body responds to low blood volume, low blood pressure, or highly concentrated body fluids by producing:

Back 12

ADH, Renin, Angiotensin II, and Aldosterone

Front 13

What does ADH do?

Back 13

stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water

Front 14

What does renin do?

Back 14

initiates the pathway that leads to the production of angiotensin II.

Front 15

What does Angiotensin II do?

Back 15

constricts blood vessels and stimulates the release of aldosterone and ADH

Front 16

What does Aldosterone do?

Back 16

regulates potassium and sodium levels

Front 17

The 7 major minerals are:

Back 17

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur

Front 18

Electrolytes

Back 18

salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions

Front 19

Which 2 minerals reside primarily outside the cells?

Back 19

sodium and chloride

Front 20

Which 4 minerals reside predominantly inside the cells?

Back 20

potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate

Front 21

What regulates the flow of fluids and ions?

Back 21

proteins

Front 22

Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance occurs chiefly at 2 sites :

Back 22

GI tract and kidneys

Front 23

What 3 systems defend the body against fluctuations in pH?

Back 23

Buffers in the blood, respiration in the lungs, and excretion in the kidneys.

Front 24

Buffers

Back 24

substances that can neutralize acids or bases

Front 25

The appropriate balance between _______ and __________ is essential to maintaining optimal blood pH.

Back 25

carbonic acid and bicarbonate

Front 26

The lungs control the concentration of ___________ by raising or slowing the respiration rate.

Back 26

carbonic acid

Front 27

Which 3 minerals are most noted for maintaining the body's fluid balance?

Back 27

sodium, chloride, and potassium

Front 28

Which 3 minerals are most noted for their roles in bone growth and health?

Back 28

calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium

Front 29

Hyponatremia

Back 29

the dangerous condition of having too little sodium in the blood

Front 30

Potassium-rich fruits and veggies appear to reduce the risk of _____.

Back 30

stroke!

Front 31

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Back 31

Calcium

Front 32

Calcium's 2 main roles in the bones and teeth:

Back 32

bone structure and calcium bank

Front 33

When blood calcium falls too low or rises too high, which 3 organ systems respond?

Back 33

intestines, bones, and kidneys

Front 34

Blood calcium changes only in response to _______.

Back 34

abnormal regulatory control, NOT diet

Front 35

Factors that ENHANCE calcium absorption:

Back 35

stomach acid, vit. D, and lactose in infants

Front 36

Factors the INHIBIT calcium absorption:

Back 36

lack of stomach acid, vit. D deficiency, high phosphorus intake, phytates, and oxalates.

Front 37

Suggested daily amounts of milk for children 2-8 years old:

Back 37

2 cups

Front 38

Suggested daily amounts of milk for everyone >8 years old:

Back 38

3 cups

Front 39

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?

Back 39

phosphorus!!

Front 40

Dietary deficiencies are unlikely for which mineral?

Back 40

phosphorus

Front 41

More than half of the body's magnesium is located in the ________.

Back 41

bones

Front 42

Magnesium deficiency may develop in cases of :

Back 42

alcohol abuse, protein malnutrition, kidney disorders, and prolonged vomiting or diarrhea.

Front 43

Type I osteoporosis involves losses of ___ bone.

Back 43

trabecular

Front 44

Type II osteoporosis slowly involves losses of ____ and ___ bone.

Back 44

trabecular and cortical