Nutrition: Carbohydrates

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Provides the body with its major source of energy

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Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates are composed of

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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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The hydrogen/oxygen ratio of carbohydrates is usually that of

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water (H20).

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Carbohydrates are classified by the number of ___________ that make up their stucture.

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saccharides

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Saccharides with one sugar unit are

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monosaccharides

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Saccharides with two sugar units are

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disaccharides.

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Saccharides with more than two sugar units are

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polysaccharides.

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Polysaccharides are complex

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carbohydrates.

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The three important monosaccharides are

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glucose, fructose, galactose

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Galactose is a product of

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lactose digestion.

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Saccharides that need no further breakdown once ingested are

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monosaccharides.

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The basic single sugar in body metabolism is

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glucose.

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Glucose is sometimes called

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dextrose.

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Glucose is not usually found alone in the diet except in

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corn syrup.

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The monosaccharide found mainly in fruit and honey is

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fructose.

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The riper the fruit, the more __________ it contains.

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fructose

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The sweetest monosaccharide known is

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fructose.

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The three main disaccharides are

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sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

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Sucrose is made up of the monosaccharides

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glucose and fructose.

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Comes in the form of granulated, powdered, and brown sugars and also molasses.

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Sucrose

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Lactose is made up of the monosaccharides

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glucose and galactose.

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Lactose is formed in the

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mammary glands.

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Lactose is not found in

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plants.

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This disaccharide encourages the growth of bacteria in the intestine and takes longer to digest.

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Lactose

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Lactose aids in the absorption of _________, and _________, all three of which are in milk.

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calcium and phosphorus

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Maltose is made up of the two monosaccharides

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glucose and glucose.

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This disaccharide is derived from intermediate breakdown of starch.

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Maltose

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The most signigicant polysaccharide found in the human diet is

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starch.

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Whole grain products are products that have been ___________ and still contain

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unrefined, its outer bran layers and inner germ.

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Enriched wheat products are products that have been enriched with

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vitamins.

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The polysaccharide found in animal muscle tissue and the liver is

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glycogen.

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During short term fasting periods this stored sugar helps maintain blood glucose levels.

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Glycogen

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A major vitamin and mineral intake source for children today is

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enriched cereals.

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Polysaccharide that provides energy for immediate muscle action.

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Glycogen

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The three types of dietary fiber important to human nutrition are

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cellulose, noncellulose polysaccharides, and lignin.

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Noncellulose polysaccharides include

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hemicellulose, pectins, gums, and mucilages, and algal substances.

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Since dietary fiber cannot be digested by the body it serves as a nutrient for

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health promotion.

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Cellulose comes from

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the cell walls of plants.

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Cellulose helps move food mass through the intestine by

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adding bulk to the diet.

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absorb water adding bulk, bind bile acids in the intestine, and provide fermentation material on which colon bacteria can work.

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Noncellulose polysaccharides

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The only noncarbohydrate type of dietary fiber is

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lignin.

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Lignin comes from

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the woody parts of plants.

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Antioxidant that binds bile acids, cholesterol, and metals.

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Lignin

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Dietary fibers are classified by whether or not they are

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soluble or insoluble in water.

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Insoluble fibers are

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cellulose, most hemicelluloses, and lignin.

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Soluble fibers are

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gums, mucilages, algal polysaccharides, and most pectins.

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DRIs for dietary fiber for men and women under 50 are

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38 to 25 grams a day.

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DRIs for dietary fiber for men and women over 50 are

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30 to 21 grams a day.

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Sweetners that do not contribute to total calorie intake.

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Nonnutritive sweetners

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Carbohydrates burn at a rate of

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4kcal/g.

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Fat also provides energy but is used mainly to

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supply essential fatty acids.

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The total amount of carbohydrate in the body amounts to

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about half-a-days worth of energy.

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The constant intake of carbohydrates keeps the body from using ___________ and __________ from tissue for energy.

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fat and protein

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SAG

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slowly available glucose.

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RAG

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readily available glucose.

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The enzyme that begins to break down carbohydrates in the mouth is

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salivary amylase.

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Salivary amylase is secreted by the

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parotid glands.

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Muscle action causing wavelike contractions that mix food in the stomach.

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Peristalsis

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Once food is mixed in the stomach it is called

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chyme.

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Enzyme that is secreted from the pancreas that breaks down starch.

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Pancreatic amylaze

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The three enzymes attached to the brush border are

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sucrase, lactase, and maltase.

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The lack of lactase causes

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lactose intolerance.