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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four stages of cancer?
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Initiation
Promotion Progression Metastasis |
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What does the initiation stage of cancer describe?
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Damage to DNA from radiation, biological agents, or chemical mutagens
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What does the promotion stage of cancer describe?
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Formation of a tumor that can bypass normal control mechanisms
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What does the progression stage of cancer describe?
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Increasing numbers of mutated cells within the tissue of origins.
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What does the metastasis stage of cancer describe?
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Spread of abnormal cells to other tissues
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What gland will quickly absorb radioactive iodine?
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Thyroid
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What was the intervention used to treat radioactive iodide poisoning?
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KI salt
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What is the adult dose of KI following a nuclear emergency?
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130 mg / 24hrs
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Why is adducted DNA bad?
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When it is replicated it is misread. Leads to base substitution.
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What products have nitrates/nitrites?
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Processed meats and vegetables grown in nitrate rich fertilizers
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How are nitrosamine compounds formed?
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When nitrites are exposed to protein/amino acids
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Why is the formation of nitrosamines enhanced in the stomach? What can inhibit their formation?
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Acidic environment
Ascorbic acid (Vit. C) |
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What carcinogens are generated by charbroiling meat?
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Heterocyclic amines |
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Why does charbroiling generate PAH and HA compounds?
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High temperature cooking: fat dripping on coals
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What can activate PAH and HA compounds?
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Phase I enzymes
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What carcinogens are present in smoked foods?
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PAH
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What is alfatoxin?
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A carcinogen made by fungus. Metabolized in the liver into its reactive form. Makes adducts.
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What four aspects of fiber make it protective against cancer?
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1. Binds PAH
2. Binds HA 3. Reduces bowel transit time 4. Bulking agent to reduce carcinogen concentrations |
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What is the action of phase 1 enzymes?
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activates carcinogens via hydroxylation
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What is the action of phase 2 enzymes?
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Conjugates carcinogens for excretion
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What substances can induce phase 1 enzyme action?
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ETOH
Barbituates |
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What substances activate phase 2 enzymes?
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Organosulfur compounds (Onions, garlic,...)
Isothiocyanates (broccoli, cabbage,...) |
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What base in DNA is vulnerable to free radical damage?
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Thymine
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What enzymes can scavenge free radicals?
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Superoxide dismutase
Catalase Glutathione peroxidase |
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What is tocopherol?
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Vit E and Vit C synergism
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What water soluble compounds are free radical scavengers?
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Vit C and Uric Acid
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What compounds promote the differentiation of some cancer lines?
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Vit A
Vit D |
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What compounds can bind estrogen receptors to block tumor growth?
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phytoestrogens
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What compound in soybean is anticarcinogenic?
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Genistein is a phytoestrogen
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What prosthetic group attaches the G-protein to the membrane?
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Farnesyl group
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Plant food can prevent cancer in what ways (3)?
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Intrinsic effects: vitamins, minerals,...
Replacement effects: replaces red meats Indirect effects: Low caloric intake |
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Which phytoestrogen foods must be limited in children and some women?
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Soy and Flax
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What is the most potent antioxidants found?
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anthocyanosides found in blueberries
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What compound in cherry and citrus peels can stop cell growth in leukemia?
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Terpenes
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What compound found in legumes can decrease the multiplication of cancer?
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Saponins
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Folate is protective against what cancer?
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Pancreatic
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Lycopenes are protective against what cancer?
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prostate
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Selenium is protective against what cancer?
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prostate
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How much processed or red meat should be in a healthy diet?
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3 oz
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What is Cachexia?
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wt loss, anorexia, early satiety, changes in taste perception, weakness, anemia, edema seen in most pts with advanced cancers of the stomach, pancreas, lung and colon
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What is dysgeusia?
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distortion or decrease of the sense of taste
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What is dysphagia?
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difficulty in swallowing
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