Nutrition And Health Final Exam

Front 1

What is sarcopenia?

Back 1

progressive loss of muscle mass

- affects people ~65-70 YO

- due to insufficient potassium

Front 2

How does potassium affect lean muscle mass in humans?

Back 2

"pumps up" muscle mass.

- takes Na out

Front 3

Trace Mineral: Iron

Back 3

Moves electrons and binds to oxygen

- 10g of iron in whole body

Front 4

2 states of iron

"LEO the bear goes GER"

Back 4

Reduced: GER - Gain Electrons Reduced

Oxidized: LEO - Lose Electrons Oxidized

Front 5

Why is iron important in the development of life?

Back 5

Integral in transporting oxygen throughout body

Front 6

Trace Minerals require a ______________ to protect them from ______________.

Back 6

Protein coat; electricity

Front 7

Why should men be careful not to eat too much iron?

Back 7

Men can experience iron toxicity; do not release blood regularly like women (menstruation); iron toxicity increases risk of arthritis, cancer, liver problems, diabetes, and heart failure

Front 8

Trace Mineral: Selenium

Back 8

Helps Glutathione Peroxidase convert hydrogen peroxide to 2H20 (water)

- without this enzyme we would die

Front 9

Was the class deficient in selenium?

Back 9

no

Front 10

Why do “media nutrition experts” push selenium supplements?

Back 10

- make money off of people who don't know selenium supplements are bad for you

Front 11

Pregnancy and Lactation: Nutritional goals of young women

Back 11

Obtain enough Ca and Vit. D to develop peak bone density; able to transfer Vit. D to infant

- Obtain enough DHA to transfer to infant

- Obtain any other important nutrients

Front 12

College student diets

Back 12

Not far off from being healthy, need minor tweaking

Front 13

IFFF you CaDIP you'll be fine

Back 13

I - Iron - 18 mg/day (men need 8 mg/day)

F - Folic Acid - 400 ug/day

F - Fish Oil - eat fix 2x a week

F - Fiber - eat oatmeal

Ca - Calcium - 1000-1200 mg/day

D - Vit. D - 600 IU (15 ug)/day - in winter

I - Iodine - use iodized salt

P - Potassium - eat fresh veg. avoid foods high in Na

Front 14

Folate

Back 14

Food supplements have doubled amount of folate in body

Front 15

Pregnancy requirements

Back 15

requires 300 additionally kcal a day

- iron requirements increase to 27mg/day (must use iron supplement for this)

- eat fish or take a fish oil supplement or purified DHA

Front 16

Infancy - breast feeding vs. formula feeding

Back 16

1955: 29% human; 46% cow, 23% formula

1965: more people used specialized formulas because Nestle ran strong ad. campaigns in poor countries

Front 17

Human milk vs. cow's milk: content differences of protein, carbohydrate and fat

Back 17

- cow milk contains too much protein - may put strain on infant's immature kidneys

- proteins and fats in cow's milk are more difficult to absorb than the ones in breast milk

Front 18

Brain development and growth

Back 18

0-12 months - critical

12 mo.-3 years - still important

Nature has provided perfect food: human milk

Front 19

formulas

Back 19

There are plenty of choices when choosing a formula

*Do not allow formula companies to influence your decision

Front 20

How was sea lion milk way different than human or cow’s milk?

Back 20

sea lion milk: 50% fat and 540 kcal per 100 ml

-human milk: 77 kcal per 100 ml

-cow milk: 65 kcal per 100 ml

Front 21

Human milk: What positive qualities does it have that helps protect infants from infections?

Back 21

contains:

- Lactoferrin - binds iron - protects against bacteria

- high levels of taurine - important in eye formation

- carbohydrates - contain oligosaccharides - antimicrobial and protect against infection

Front 22

Human milk: what are oligosaccharides?

Back 22

Found in the carbohydrates of human milk. They are antimicrobial and protect the infant from infection

Front 23

Human milk: What enzyme from the Dixon cycleis in human milk?

Back 23

LPL: Lipoprotein Lipase - helps in hydrolysis of TAG in human milk

Front 24

Mammory secretory cells

Back 24

fill with milk after a mother gives birth

- contract when baby is breast feeding --> push milk through duct --> given to child

- lipid droplets fuse with membrane and pinch off --> released into milk

Front 25

transcytosis

Back 25

proteins from mother are added to milk and given to infant

- antibodies and other blood proteins are given to infant for first week of lactation

Front 26

Paracellular pathway

Back 26

provides a direct passage of insterstitual fluid and serum components into milk between the cells via leaky tight junctions

Front 27

Loss of gap tight junctions

Back 27

interstitual fluid and serum components go into milk through paracellular pathway --> creates leaky tight junctions

Front 28

Dixon cycle importance for pregnancy and breast feeding

Back 28

uses VLDL to deliver lipids to placenta (umbilical cord) and developing fetus

-also delivers lipids to mammory secretory glands

Front 29

Alcohol, drugs, and food addictions: role of dopamine and the nucleus accumbens

Back 29

nucleus accumbens recieves beta-endorphines from arcuate nucleus.

- nucleus accumbens releases dopamine into prefrontal cortex

- feeling of happiness and satisfaction (pleasure)

Front 30

Human reward system pathway

Back 30

Food intake --> fat signals to arcuate nucleus --> arcuate nucleus releases beta endorphins to nucleus accumbens --> nucleus accumbens releases dopamine into prefrontal cortex --> pleasure

Front 31

Super palatable (addictive) food

Back 31

stimulate the arcuate nucleus to produce beta-endorphins that then increase dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Front 32

Drugs and food

Back 32

Drugs utilize the same reward center pathway as food does

- stimulates nucleus accumbens --> increases dopamine - people like this feeling

Front 33

Models of addiction: low amounts of beta-endorphins

Back 33

–person has genetically lower levels of endogenous endorphins andendocannabinoids

– not normally happy --> low levels of dopamine

- Firstexposure to powerful drugs that raise dopamine levels can lead to rapidaddiction

Front 34

Models of addition: Person has experienced traumatic stress or unhappiness

Back 34

basic brain chemistry is changed --> only feel normal when they are taking a drug that increases dopamine

- having a traumatic childhood doubled risk of developing an addiction

Front 35

Testimony of Stevie Nicks

Back 35

Drug addiction does not lead to increased creativity. Over and overagain creative people stopped functioning at an efficient level after developing a drug addiction.

Front 36

Happiness Study: 3 most important components of a happy life

Back 36

1) partnership - doesn't matter with whom

2) keeping in touch with siblings

3) Having a job/career working for common good (like a teacher, writing, etc.)

Front 37

Happiness Study: most common component found in unhappy lives

Back 37

alcoholism

Front 38

Eating disorders

Back 38

involve lower beta-endorphins (genetic component)

- often the result of external/internal stresses

- rise from physical, psychological, and social issues

Front 39

Eating disorders: media

Back 39

media puts importance on being thin - this is unobtainable by some because of genetics

Front 40

Role of Lipoprotein Lipase in dictating body shape

Back 40

Men - higher amounts of LPL in upper body

Women - higher amounts of LPL in lower body, hips, and stomach

Front 41

Eating disorders: higher thinking

Back 41

people with ED use higher cognitive functions to repress the normal physiological mechanisms regulating food intake

Front 42

Eating disorders vs. Addictions

Back 42

ED are very different than addictions

- psychological illness

People with ED think they've lost control due to external/internal pressures --> only thing they can control is their food intake

Front 43

Eating disorders: issues

Back 43

rapid loss of weight

- weakness/fatigue (low water soluble vitamins and glycogen)

- risk of death due to problems with protein degradation (proteasome - bunny - breaks down proteins until they're too little in the body)

Front 44

Proteasomal degradation of muscle cell proteins

Back 44

leads to muscle cell death --> especially CV muscles

-leads to cancer cachexia (wasting), sarcopenia, and muscle decay in anorexia

Front 45

Eating disorders: treatment

Back 45

Hospitalization is necessary

- stabilize the patient with IV nutrition

- "cornerstone of therapy is to teach nutrition" --> teach proper nutrition and guide patients back to normal food-intake

Front 46

Eating disorders: treatment success rate

Back 46

thought to be 90% successful if a full team approach is used

- requires multilevel intervention: physician, dietitian, social worker, & mentor

Front 47

Multivitamins

Back 47

have reasonable amounts of nutrients and none to extremely small amounts of Selenium

Front 48

Are vitamin supplements necessary?

Back 48

A multivitamin that supplies about 50% of RDA or AI ofmost vitamins and minerals is a good idea- but best to get vitamins and other nutrients by eating avaried diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables!

Front 49

Multi-Vites

Back 49

does not contain iron or selenium - good for men and women

- keep out of reach of children and irresponsible adults (careful they're yummy)

Front 50

Vitamins for adults over 50 yrs. old

Back 50

a mega dose of vitamin B12 (500 ug/day) isrecommended so that enough vitamin B12 can be absorbed

Front 51

Fish Oils

Back 51

required for proper brain development

- Trader Joe’s distilled fish oils were the purest product they measured - take one of these every day or every other day

Front 52

DHA and EPA =

Back 52

fish oils

Front 53

recommendations for healthy nutrition (1-3)

Back 53

1) learn to cook healthy food

2) eat oatmeal (complex carbs & fiber), fruit (potassium), good proteins (amino acids)

3) take an appropriate vitamin (based on gender)

Front 54

recommendations for healthy nutrition (4-5)

Back 54

4) exercise intensely 3-4 times/week to keep artery smooth muscle cells and cardiomycytes healthy

5) keep up NEAT through life