Nutrition And Digestion

Front 1

Alimentary Canal

Back 1

Digestive system with two openings

Front 2

Phagocytosis

Back 2

Process used by protists to engulf solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal food vacuole (phagosome)

• Form of endocytosis
• How we defend against bacteria
• Involves calcium

Front 3

Extracellular Digestion

Back 3

Secrete enzymes out into a cavity (outside the cell)

Front 4

Rumen

Back 4

Where food is processed mechanically and is exposed to symbiotic bacteria that can break down cellulose (then returns to mouth)

Front 5

Reticulum

Back 5

Allows the animal to regurgitate and reprocess particulate matter (chew cud)

Front 6

Omasum

Back 6

For further mechanical processing

Front 7

Abomassum

Back 7

True stomach - where the digestive enzymes break down the bacteria so as to release nutrients

Front 8

Microbiome

Back 8

Large population of bacteria/microorganisms that live in our stomach and intestine

• Nanoparticles kill off good bacteria, allowing bad bacteria to increase
• E. coli makes vitamin K

Front 9

Saliva

Back 9

Contains salivary amylase(chemical digestion of carbohydrates), bicarbonate (buffer, neutralizes acid), and water

Front 10

Stomach

Back 10

Muscular, stretchable sac that mixes and stores food; secretions dissolve and degrade food

• Chemical (proteins) and mechanical (churning and mixing)

Front 11

Gastric Juice

Back 11

HCl + Pepsin (works at low ph) - helps dissolve the good into chyme

Front 12

Goblet Cells

Back 12

line stomach, secrete a mucous layer of pH ~6 for protection

Front 13

Stomach Ulcers

Back 13

Associated with H. Pylori, causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

Front 14

Duodenum

Back 14

First site of the small intestine, major site of chemical digestion

• Contains bile, proteases, lipases, and amylases

Front 15

Pancreas

Back 15

Secretes enzymes and bicarbonate into small intestine during digestion

Front 16

Liver

Back 16

Stores and interconverts carbs, lipids, and poteins absorbed from the gut

Front 17

Gallbladder

Back 17

Stores bile secreted from the liver

Front 18

Proteases

Back 18

Enzymes that cut up proteins

Front 19

Pepsin

Back 19

• Cuts at N-Term (Left) of Leu, Phe, Tyr
• In stomach
• works at pH ~3
• Activated form of pepsinogen

Front 20

Trypsin

Back 20

• Cuts at C-term (right) of lys, arg
• In small intestine, comes from pancreas
• secreted as trypsinogen

Front 21

Dipeptidase

Back 21

Cleaves 2 AAs in the middle

Secreted by brush border of small intestine

Front 22

Lacteal

Back 22

Lymph vessel that works with villi in small intestine for fat absorption

Front 23

Bile Salts

Back 23

Made by liver, flow into SI to break down large fat droplets into micelles

Front 24

Lipases

Back 24

Enzymes secreted by pancreas to break down lipid micelles into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Front 25

Large Intestine

Back 25

Ion and water reabsorption

Front 26

Caecum

Back 26

Hosts a large number of bacteria, aid in enzymatic breakdown of plant materials

• Carnivores = very small caecum
• vestigial in humans

Front 27

Bird Digestion

Back 27

1. Beak
2. Crop: stores seeds
3. Proventriculus: Secretes digestive enzymes
4. Gizzard: Muscular organ, eat pebbles to grind food
5. Stomach, etc
6. Cloaca: common opening for digestive, urinary, reproductive

Front 28

Insect Digestion

Back 28

• No pepsin, only trypsin
• Salivary glands where parasites can live (e.g. malaria)
• Proteases in feces (bot fly breaks down sheep skin)

Front 29

Gluten Intolarance

Back 29

• Lack peptidases/enzymes to cut common linkage in gluten
• Test gastric juices to see what enzymes are missing

Front 30

Sanguivores

Back 30

• Eat blood
• spit on you to transmit diseases and numb skin
• anticoagulants

Front 31

Regulation of Digestion by the Nervous System

Back 31

• Control of muscular and glandular activity
• Long-distance regulation from the brain

Front 32

Starling and Bayliss Experiment

Back 32

Showed that cells exposed to HCl secrete something to trigger the pancreas

Front 33

Gastrin

Back 33

Hormone secreted to trigger release of H+, Cl-, and pepsinogen, and muscle contraction

Front 34

CCK

Back 34

Hormone that stimulates the gall bladder in order to digest fat and protein

Front 35

Secretin

Back 35

Hormone that regulates water homeostasis

• Regulates secretions in stomach and pancreas