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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which Vitamins are Lipid soluble? |
Vitamins E & K |
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What is the most common form of Vitamin E? |
Alpha Tocopherol |
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What is the main function of Vitamin E? |
Antioxidant: Scavenge free radicals Prevent Oxidation of Membrane lipids |
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What other Vitamin does Vitamin E work with? |
Vitamin C |
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Where is vitamin E absorbed? |
Absorbed in lipids (low 20-10%)
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Where is vitamin E Stored? |
Adipose tissue |
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Sources of Vitamin E? |
Anything with oil (avocado, peanuts, plaint oils, almonds, etc.) |
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Factors that can lead to Vitamin E deficiency |
fat malabsorption, smoking, pre-term infants |
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Vitamin E toxicity |
interferes with Vitamin K
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Vitamin K1 |
Phylloquinone (Green Veggies) |
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Vitamin K2 |
Menaquinones (Bacteria synthesized) |
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Vitamin K3 |
Menadione (synthetic form) |
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Vitamin K AI |
90 ug/d men 120 ug/d women |
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Main Function of Vitamin K |
Blood Coagulation (cofactor of enzyme)
Converts preprothrombin to prothrombin |
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Vitamin K deficiency |
RARE Prolonged clotting time |
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Vitamin K Toxicity |
hemolytic anemia (breakdown RBC) |
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Water Soluble |
Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, & Choline |
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Pantothenic Acid main function |
Part of CoA part of Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Involved in chain elongation
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Panthothenic Acid AI |
5 mg/d |
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Sources of Pantothenic Acid |
meat, sunflower seeds, milk, avocado |
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Pantothenic Acid Deficiency |
RARE |
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Biotin AI |
30 ug/d |
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Sources of Biotin |
liver, egg yolks, peanuts
COLONIC BACTERIA |
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Vitamins Synthesized by colonic bacteria |
Vitamin K2 Biotin Vitamin B12 |
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Small amount in every cell |
Biotin |
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Releases biotin from protein |
Biotinidase |
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How is biotin absorbed? |
small intestine via Na+ dependent carrier |
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Avidin |
protein in egg white that inhibits biotin absorption |
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Biotin main functions |
CO2 Carrier in carboxylation reactions
Conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate |
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Biotin Deficiency |
RARE
Impaired growth, hair loss |
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Choline AI |
550 ug/d men 425 ug/d women |
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food sources of choline |
most foods bc in phosphatidylcholine in membranes
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Choline absorption |
small intestine into portal blood then transported to the liver |
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Functions of Choline |
VLDL sectretion Methyl donor for homocysteine to methionine |
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Minerals |
INORGANIC Small amounts needed can't be synthesized by the body |
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Iron major function |
Captures O2 in hemoglobin/myoglobin Redox Reactions 1st Step of citric Acid cycle
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Which form of Iron is better absorbed |
Fe 2+ (Ferrous/heme) |
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RDA of Iron |
8mg/d men 18 mg/d women |
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Sources of Iron |
Lean meats, liver, seafood, eggs |
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Helps in Iron Absorption |
Vitamin C |
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Iron functional proteins |
hemoglobin Myoglobin Enzymes |
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Iron Transport Proteins |
Transferrin Ferroportin |
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Iron in Storage Proteins |
Ferritin Hemosiderin |
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Iron Deficiency |
Microcytic Hyperchromic Anemia (small pale) |
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Stage I |
Storage depletion decrease in serum ferritin |
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Stage 2 |
transport iron depletion decrease serum iron increase transferrin
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Stage 3 |
Hemoglobin production decrease increase immature RBC decrease hemoglobin decrease hematocrit |
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Iron Toxicity |
No mechanism to rid of Iron Can lead to liver damage and heart failure |
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Main function of Iodine |
Essential part of thyroid hormones (75% of iodine in thyroid gland) |
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T4 |
thyroxine |
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T3 |
triiodothyronine |
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Iodine RDA |
150 ug/d |
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Food sources of Iodine |
iodized salt dairy seafood |
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What form is iodine absorbed? |
I- |
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Where is iodine stored? |
Thryroid gland on THYROGLOBULIN |
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Goiter |
Iodine deficiency build up of precursors to thyroid hormones |
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Cretinism |
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy early on = neurological damage |
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hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease) |
Too much Iodine Weight loss Increased BMR |
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trace/ultratrace minerals |
Zn Cu Se F Cr Mn Mo |
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Functions of zinc |
300 enzymes SUPER OXIDE DISMUTASE
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Metallothionein |
Binds Zinc and Copper Ions and limits absorption |
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Zinc RDA |
11 mg/d men 8 mg/d women
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Sources of Zinc |
ANIMAL PRODUCTS Shellfish |
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Zinc Deficiency |
Retarded growth |
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Superoxide Dismutase involves which two trace minerals |
Zinc & copper |
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Copper RDA |
900 ug/d Both men and women |
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Copper food sources |
SHELLFISH |
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Wilson's Disease |
Cause by copper toxicity inborn error where can't excrete Cu accumulates in liver, kidney and CORNEA |
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Selenium Functions |
Antioxidant defenses glutathione peroxidase (GPx) Thyroxin metabolism |
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Selenium RDA |
55 ug/d men and women |
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Keshan Disease |
Selenium deficiency discovered in china cardiomyopathy in women/children |
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Fluoride Function |
substitutes some Ca in teeth/bones |
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AI for fluoride |
4mg/d men 3mg/d women |
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Sources fluoride |
Coffee tea veggies seafood toothpaste |
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Chromium AI |
35 ug/d men 25 ug/d women |
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Chromium function |
increase insulin action and glucose uptake |
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manganese Function |
cofactor for enzymes |
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2nd trimester |
350 kcal more |
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3rd trimester |
450 kcal more |
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5 nutrients needed for building new cells |
protein essential fatty acids zinc folate/vitamin b12 iron |
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True or False? Carbs for calories to spare protein and prevent ketosis. |
TRUE |
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What is considered low birth weight? |
less than 5.5 lbs |
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what fraction of low birth weights is due to premature? |
2/3 |
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low birth weight risk factors |
multiple births smoking drinking underweight mother too little weight gain
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normal weight gain 1 child |
25-35 lbs |
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biggest sources of weight gain in pregnancy |
fetus & maternal fat stores |
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how many calories more does breastfeeding woman use? |
800 calories |
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how many more does a breastfeeding woman need in her diet? |
500 kcal/d |
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What is the major difference between human and cow milk? |
human has much more fat and less protein |
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prolactin |
hormone that stimulates milk PRODUCTION |
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oxytocin |
hormone that stimulates RELEASE of milk |
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Benefits of breastfeeding |
faster recovery reduce risk of cancer delayed ovulation (reduce risk of pregnancy) bone remineralization return to original weight |
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What does it mean if you move down a growth curve? |
poor nutritional status |
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how much higher is a child's energy demands than an adult's? |
2-4x's higher |
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What happens when a child has an excess of proteins? |
exceeds kidney's ability to excrete |
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What percentage of a child's calories is fat? |
40-55% |
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2 Vitamins infants need |
Vitamin K Vitamin D |
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5 Minerals needed as and infant |
Iron Calcium Zinc Iodine Fluoride |
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How long before infants can eat solid foods? |
4-6 months |
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Diabetes Mellitus |
High Blood Glucose levels |
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Normal blood glucose |
70-100 mg/dL |
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Hyperglycemia |
High Blood glucose >126 mg/dL |
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Hypoglycemia |
Low blood glucose <50 mg/dL |
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Insulin |
lowers blood glucose |
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Glucagon (cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and growth hormone) |
Raises Blood glucose
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Type 1 Diabetes |
insulin dependent early in life |
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Type 2 diabetes |
noninsulin dependent adult onset tied to weight gain |
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Gestational diabetes |
during pregnancy |
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leading cause of death in US for both men and women |
Atherosclerosis |
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Risk Factor |
A factor which is statistically linked with a
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VLDL |
Carries lipids taken up and made by liver to cells |
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LDL |
Carries Cholesterol made by liver and other sources to the cells |
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HDL |
Carries Cholesterol from the cells to be excreted |
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Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
No LDL receptor = no uptake via endocytosis |
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Desirable Cholesterol levels |
below 200 |
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optimal LDL levels |
below 100 mg/dL |
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Optimal HDL |
less than 40 mg/dL |
