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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 dimensions of health?
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Physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and social
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Undernutrition?
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Consumption of not enough energy or nutrients
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Overnutrition?
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Consumption of too many nutrients and too much energy
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Malnutrition?
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An imbalanced nutrient and/or energy intake
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Chylomicrons?
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Transport absorbed fats from intestinal wall to liver cells
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VLDL's?
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Very low density lipoproteins, Transport triglycerides from liver cells to adipose tissue for storage
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LDL's
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Transports cholesterol to cells, deposit excess cholesterol in smooth muscle fibers in arteries! BAD
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HDL's
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Removes excess cholesterol from cells to be excreted! GOOD
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Simple carbs
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Monosaccharides= glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides= lactose, maltose, sucrose |
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Complex carbs
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Polysaccharides= starch, glycogen, fiber: soluable + insoluble
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Which two hormones maintain serum glucose levels?
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Insulin and glucagon
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Glycemic Index?
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The amount that foods raise blood glucose and insuling levels, reflects how quickly sugar is absorbed
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Triglycerides
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Major storage form of fat in body: Saturated or unsaturated
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Saturated fats
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Fatty acid chains with no double bonds.
Solid at room temp High melting point Mostly animal products |
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Unsaturated fats
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Soft or liquid at room temp
mono or poly unsaturated low melting point can become rancid when exposed to light or O2 |
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Hydrogenated Fats
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Unsaturated oils that are altered in order to become more saturated
Results in formation of trans fatty acids which raise LDL and lower HDL |
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Omega 3 +6
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Essential fatty acid
Necessary for cognitive and behavioural function 6= linolenic acid= in veg, fish, plant oils 3= alpha-linolenic acid= leafy greens, fish and plant oils Reduces inflammatory response, blood clotting, and plasma triglycerides |
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Ketoacidosis
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Lipid catabolism to produce 9 ATP
Fat breakdown produces ketones Serum ketone increase= increased acid in blood prolonged ketosis results in acidosis |
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How many amino acids?
Essential? Non-essential? |
20
9 11 |
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Functions of proteins
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Fluid + electrolyte balance by creating osmotic psi
Acid-base balance as AA's contain an acid and base Transports lipoproteins, Hg, and albumin through blood Energy 4kcal/g |
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Thiamine
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Vitamin B1
Coenzyme in energy metabolism Role in nerve fxning |
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Beriberi
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Deficiency of thiamine
causes ataxia, pain, anorexia, disorientation, tachycardia |
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Wernicke-Korsikoff syndrome
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cerebral form of beriberi
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Risk factors for thiamine deficit
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Renal dialysis
Parenteral nutrition HIV/AIDS Persistant vomiting Anorexia nervosa Gastrectomy |
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Riboflavin
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Vitamin B2
Coenzyme in energy release |
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Ariboflavinosis
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Deficit of riboflavin
inflammation of mucous membrane (mouth + lips) Glossitis B2 most common vit deficit in North America expecially women who are pregnant, on the pill, or lactating |
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Niacin
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Vitamine B3
Nicotinamide + nicotinic acid Coenzyme assisting with metabolism of carbs and fatty acids |
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Pellegra
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B3 deficit characterized by
3 D's: Diarrhea, dermatitis, + dementia |
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Pyroxidine
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Vitamin B6
Coenzyme in over 100 enzymes (amino acids + proteins) Essential for proper nervous system fxn + Hg synth |
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B6 Defecit
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causes symptoms of dermatitis, altered nerve fxn, weakness, poor growth, convulsions, MICROCYTIC ANEMIA
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Folate
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coenzyme involved in DNA synth + AA metabolism
Needs Vit B12 to be utilized by body Necessary for proper neural tube formation in embryos |
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Folate deficit
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Megalobastic/Macrocytic anemia = large RBC's that are unable to carry O2 properly
Other deficit symptoms may include: glossitis, diarrhea, irritability, absentmindedness, depression, anxiety |
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Cobalamin
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Vitamin B12
Folate metabolism Metabolism of fatty acids + AA Maintains + develops myelin sheaths Needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed!!!!!!!! |
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Vitamin B12 defecit
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Pernicious anemia
Spinal cord damage D.T. myelin sheath breakdown Brain, optic, and peripheral nerve damage Older adults at higher risk D.T. Lack of intrinsic factor production |
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Pantothenic acid
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Vit B5
component of coenzyme for fatty acid metabolism |
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Vitamin C
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Collagen formation
Holds structures together Wound healing Antioxidant to protect Vit E. folate, and polyunsaturated substance Destroyed by air, light, + heat |
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Vit C defecit
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Need a minimum of 10mg/day to prevent scurvy (inflammation of C.T. gingivitis, muscle degeneration, bruising, +hemorrhaging)
Rebound scurvy= taking high level vit C for long time and abruptly stopping = symptoms of scurvy |
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Vit A
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Maintains skin and mucous membranes
Fxns for vision, bone growth, immune system, normal reproduction |
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Xerophthalmia
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Vit A defecit
night blindness may lead to: full blindness Hyperkeratosis Resp infections + GI probs Impaired immunity Inhibited growth |
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Hypervitaminosis A
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Occurs from preformed Vit A
S/S's= blistered skin, weakness, anorexia, enlargement of spleen and liver Long term = bone abnormalities + liver damage |
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Vitamin D
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Intestinal absorption of Calcium + phosporus
Affects bone mineralization + mineral homeostasis May be synthesized by skin |
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Rickets
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Childhood disorder caused by Vit D or Calcium deficit resulting in:
malformed skeletons Bowed legs Oddly angled rib bones abnormal teeth |
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Osteomalacia
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Adult disorder caused by Vit D or calcium defecit resulting in soft + demineralized bones
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Osteoporosis
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Disorder in which bone density is reduced and remaining bones are brittle and break easily
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Vitamin E
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Antioxidant to protect polyunsaturated fats and Vit A from oxidative damage (important in protecting lung integrity and RBC membranes)
Prevents and dissolves blood clots, accelerates healing of burns |
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Vitamin K
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Cofactor in synth of blood clotting factors
Role in protein formation in bone, kidney, and plasma Synthesized by normal flora in body |
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Vitamin K defecit
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Inhibits blood coagulation
Premature babies are born with Vit K defecit because their bodies have not been populated by normal flora yet |
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Functions of Water
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Provides shape + rigidity to cells
Regs Body temp Aids in digestion + absorption Solvent for Vits, minerals, glucose, + AAs Transports nutrients +waste products Metabolic Rxns Eliminates wastes Lubrication |
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Primary intracellular cation
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Potassium
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Primary extracellular cation
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Sodium
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FVD
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Fluid Volume Deficit
Vascular, cellular, or intracellular dehydration Severe when body fluids fall by 10% of body weight |
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Causes of FVD
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Diarrhea, vomiting, high fever
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Fluid Volume Excess
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Increased fluid retention + edema (accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces 10% more H2O then normal)
Associated with compromised regulatory mechanism, excess fluid intake, or excess Na+ intake |
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Minerals
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16 essential minerals divided into major and trace
Major: needs >100mg/day Trace: needs <20mg/day |
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Major minerals
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Calcium, Sulfur, Phosporus, Magnesium
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Electrolytes
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Potassium, Chloride, Sodium
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Trace Minerals
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Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine, Fluoride, Copper, Chromium
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Calcium
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Most abundant mineral in body
99% found in bones Fxns: CNS nerve impulses Muscle contract + relax Form blood clots BP reg. |
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Parathormone
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Secreted by parathyroid D.T. low blood calcium levels
Raises calcium by: Allowing bones to release calcium Allowing intestines to absorb more calcium Allowing kidneys to retain more calcium |
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Calcitrol
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Vitamin D hormone
Increases blood calcium by same method as parathormone |
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Calcitonin
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Released by Special C cells of thyroid
Acts on high calcium levels Lowers calcium + phosphate |
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Calcium Rigor
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High blood levels of calcium cause hardness or stiffness of muscles
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Calcium Tetany
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Calcium blood levels too low causing spasms and nerve excitability
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Phosphorus
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85% in bones + teeth
15% used for: energy transfer DNA + RNA Buffer for acid-base balance Component of phospholipid |
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Magnesium
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Structural/storage fxn in bones
Assists body enzymes Regs nerve + muscle fxn Blood clotting + immunity |
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Sulfur
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Component of protein structure
Part of several AA's Helps with acid-base balance |
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Sodium
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Maintains BP and volume
Nerve impulse transmission Regs body fluids |
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POtassium
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Maintains fluid levels in cell
Normal nerve fxn |
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Chloride
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Anion of ECF, maintains fluid balance in + out of cell
Component of HCl + gastic juice of stomach |
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Iron
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A component of Hg (brings O2 to cells)
A component of Myoglobin (brings O2 to muscles) Coenzyme in energy metabolism Stored in liver, bone,marrow, intestinal mucosa, + spleen |
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Zinc
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>200 enzymes depend on it
Affects: Growth process, taste + smell, healing, immunity, carb metabolism |
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Iodine
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Part of thyroxin
If deficient can cause goiter If deficit during pregnancy causes cretinism of fetus = permanent mental + phys. retardation |
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Flouride
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Resistance of tooth decay
Skeletal health |
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Selenium
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Part of antioxidant enzyme
Works together with Vit E to prevent cell + lipid membrane damage from oxidizing substances |
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Copper
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Coenzyme involving antioxidant reactions + metabolism
Helps wound healing Nerve fiber protection Needed for iron use Deficit may cause: Bone demineralization anemia |
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Chromium
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Role in carb metabolism
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