Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
how do nutrition and disease relate?
|
- nutrition is a key component of health maintenance.
- inadequate nutrition can lead to disease - disease can lead to inadequate nutrition - disease can elicit different nutrient requirements |
|
|
besides veterinarians, what are are four other major sources of information for pet owners
|
1. internet (not in the lecture)
2. books 3. magazines 4. pet store personnel |
|
|
on average, what percentage of the cost of maintaining an animal is feed?
|
40-60%
|
|
|
name some important factors that a veterinarian must consider that are associated with diet
|
- disease processes
- animal health, productivity, performance, longevity - economic status of producers - treatment and prevention of disease |
|
|
give a concise definition of "nutrition"
|
Ingestion, assimilation, and use of nutrients
|
|
|
the use of a nasogastric tube is an example of what type of feeding?
|
enteral
|
|
|
the use of an IV drip with nutrients is an example of what type of feeding?
|
parenteral
|
|
|
true or false: underfeeding and overfeeding an animal are both considered malnutrition?
|
true
|
|
|
what are the four basic homeostatic processes that require nutrients
|
1. growth
2. maintenance 3. production 4. health |
|
|
true or false, any food constituent that aids in the support of life can be considered a nutrient.
|
true
|
|
|
name the six classes of nutrients
|
1. carbohydrates
2. proteins 3. lipids 4. vitamins 5. minerals 5. water |
|
|
what are the nutrient classes that comprise primary structural components of the body?
|
1. proteins
2. lipids 3. water 4. minerals (note that carbohydrates are secondary) |
|
|
what nutrient classes regulate chemical reactions the body?
|
1. proteins
2. lipids 3. water 4. vitamins 5. minerals (note that carbohydrates are secondary) |
|
|
what nutrient classes yield energy?
|
carbohydrates (primary)
lipids (primary) protein (secondary) |
|
|
what non-energy yielding nutrients are used for ATP production?
|
water, vitamins, minerals
|
|
|
what is an essential nutrient?
|
A substance that must be obtained in the diet because the body either cannot make it or cannot make adequate amounts of it
|
|
|
what is a nonessential nutrient?
|
A substance that the body can make sufficient quantities of if it is lacking in the diet
|
|
|
what major nutrient classes are organic?
|
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins
|
|
|
what major nutrient classes are inorganic?
|
water, minerals
|
|
|
A nutrient is considered a nutraceutical under what circumstances?
|
- gives a pharmacologic effect at a concentration greater than what is required to prevent deficiency
- can prevent or treat disease/disorder |
|
|
a nutraceutical derived from a plant
|
phytochemical
|
|
|
true or false: essential nutrients found in plants are considered to be phytochemicals
|
false
|
|
|
name some antioxidant phytochemicals and their plant sources
|
- carotenoids: fruits, carrot
- polyphenols: tea - flavonoids: fruits, vegetables |
|
|
name a common phytochemical that has hormonal action and its plant source
|
isoflavones found in soy
|
|
|
allicin is a phytochemical that is found in ______ that can be used as as a(n) _______
|
garlic
antibiotic |
|
|
what is the major nutraceutical found in animal tissues?
|
omega-3 fatty acids
|
|
|
dive some examples of the positive effects of omega-3 fatty acids
|
- slow the progression of renal failur in dogs
- DHA is vital to the development of the retina and CNS of a puppy - EPA and DHA are potent anti-inflammatory mediators in joints an other tissues |
|
|
what is a functional food/feed?
|
a food/feed that contains essential nutrients and/or nutraceuticals that are thought to influence health
|
|
|
define "adequate nutrition"
|
providing enough nutrients for maintenance and growth/reproduction without clinical signs of classic nutrient deficiencies
|
|
|
define clinical nutrition
|
the application of nutrition to the observation and treatment of patients
|
|
|
define "optimal nutrition"
|
providing nutrient support for optimal function with focus on excesses, imbalances, and deficiencies.
|
|
|
What are the three steps in the "Three Step Process of Nutritional Assessment"
|
1. Who are you feeding?
2. What are you feeding them? 3. How are you feeding them? (these steps make a circle) |
|
|
In determining "who are you feeding" in the "Three Step Process of Nutritional Assessment", what should you do?
|
Assess the animal to determine its nutrient requirements
|
|
|
List some factor that affect nutrient requirements
|
body weight, BCS, age, growth rate, reproductive status, species, abnormal physiologic states, disease, environment
|
|
|
What entities are the major sources for a reference set of nutritional requirements.
|
National Research Council (NRC) - nutritional req'ts for animals of given species, age, weight, and (re)productive status
AAFCO - dog and cat food Kentucky Equine Research KER) - nutrient allowances for horses |
|
|
In determining "what are you feeding" to the animal in the "Three Step Process of Nutritional Assessment", what are things to consider?
|
- the nutritional content of the food source
- the availability of the nutrients in the food source (e.g. although straw contains carbs, carnivores can't digest it) - the palatability of the food |
|
|
In determining "how are you feeding" the animal in the "Three Step Process of Nutritional Assessment", what things should you consider?
|
- make sure the animal can assimilate your preparation (e.g. don't feed large breed dog sized kibble to a small dog)
- frequency of feeidng - method of feeding - understanding the feeding behavior of the animal |
|
|
Which of the following can be used as a nutraceutical?
A. Phytochemical B. Fiber from Psylliumplant C. Isoflavonesfrom soy D. Fish oil E. All of the above |
E
|
|
|
What do we call a nutrient that the body can't synthesize in sufficient amount ?
A. Conditionally dispensable B. Indispensable C. Inorganic D. Micronutrient E. Nutraceutical |
B - indispensible
|
|
|
what is another name for an essential nutrient?
|
indispensible
|
|
|
Which class of nutrients doesn‟t provide energy?
A. Fat B. Fiber C. Protein D. Sugar E. Water |
E
|
|
|
Which factor would you least likely consider when determining nutrient requirements of the animal?
A. Age B. Duration and intensity of exercise C. Medications D. Occurrence of disease E. Reproductive status |
C
|
|
|
What are the three major functions of carbohydrates?
|
- provide glucose to cells for ATP production
- building blocks for other nutrients - excess energy storage as glycogen or fat |
|
|
what are the four major functions of protein?
|
- structural components of the body
- energy source - maintenance of the immune system - drive chemical reactions necessary for life |
|
|
what is the distribution of water in the body?
|
30-40% extracellular
60-70% intracellular |
|
|
how much water does a pig consume in a day?
|
1.5-3 gallons
|
|
|
how much water does a sheep consume in a day?
|
1-3 gallons
|
|
|
how much water does a horse consume in a day?
|
10-14 gallon
|
|
|
how much water does a pregnant, dry cow consume in a day?
|
10-14 gallons
|
|
|
how much water does a lactating cow consume in a day?
|
25-55 gallons
|
|
|
how much water do polutry consume in a day?
|
2 parts water per 1 part dry food
|
|
|
how much water does a dog or cat consume in a day?
|
60 mL/kg BW
|
|
|
what is the upper limit of total dissolved solids in drinking water?
|
< 2500 mg/L
|
|
|
if water has too many dissolved sulfates, what does it cause, and what is the concentration that this occurs?
|
diarrhea, >1 g/L
|
|
|
at what concentration do nitrates in drinking water start to become toxic?
|
100 - 200 ppm
|
|
|
besides total dissolved solids, what else is measured to estimate the quality of drinking water?
|
coliform count
|
|
|
what determines the nutritional value of a protein?
|
primary structure
|
|
|
what determines the digestibility of a protein?
|
tertiary structure
|
|
|
what nutrient is used last as an energy source?
|
amino acids?
|
|
|
protein must be converted to what for digestion?
|
tripeptides, dipeptides, or amino acids
|
|
|
what are the two types of proteolytic enzymes?
|
endopeptidases
exopeptidases |
|
|
what is the technical term for the protein in muscle mass?
|
somatic protein
|
|
|
what is the technical term for the protein in internal organs?
|
visceral protein
|
|
|
what type of protein is consumed in times of acute starvation?
|
visceral protein
|
|
|
what type of protein is consumed in prolonged starvation?
|
somatic protein
|
|
|
on a dry matter basis, what percentage protein is considered optimal for obligate carnivores (such as cats)?
|
30-50%
|
|
|
on a dry matter basis, what percentage protein is considered optimal for omnivores (such as dogs and pigs)?
|
15-30%
|
|
|
in cats, what essential amino acid is required, if missing from a high-protein meal, can cause death within hours?
|
arginine
|
|
|
on a dry matter basis, what percentage protein is considered optimal for herbivores?
|
8-16%
|
|
|
how is crude protein measured?
|
measure % nitrogen content and multiply by 6.25
|
|
|
what is the % nitrogen of an average protein?
|
16%
|
|
|
a feedstuff with a high biological value has what composition?
|
high ratio of essential:non-essential amino acids
|
|
|
what are some clinical signs of protein deficiency?
|
weight loss, decreased growth rate, muscle wasting, poor hair coat, hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, anemia, decreasd immune function, fatty liver
- Kwashikorkor (pot-belly due to anemia becuase of hypoproteinemia) |
|
|
in most mammals, fatty acids can be elongated to how many carbons?
|
22
|
|
|
most animals can desaturate LCFAs at which positions
|
(starting from the carboxyl end)
delta-4 delta-5 delta-6 delta-9 |
|
|
how many carbons in a:
1. SCFA? 2. MCFA? 3. LCFA? |
1. <8
2. 8-12 3. >12 |
|
|
where is the major site of lipid digestion?
|
small intestines
|
|
|
which enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides to monoglycerides?
|
pancreatic lipase
|
|
|
how do SCFAs enter the blood stream?
|
absorbed directly by intestional mucosa and put into portal vein
|
|
|
how do MCFAs enter the blood stream?
|
absorbed directly by intestinal mucosa and put into the portal vein
|
|
|
what is the process of dietary LCFAs to enter the blood stream?
|
1. emulsified as bile salts
2. absorbed as micelles 3. reformed as triglycerides in the epithelial cells 4. exported to lymphatic system as chylomicrons |
|
|
food must be comprised of what percentage fat in order to affect proper absorption of lipophilic vitamins?
|
1-2% minimum
|
|
|
what vitamins are fat soluble?
|
A, D, E, K
|
|
|
chylomicron:
1. percentage protein 2. major lipid type 3. how are they removed from the circulation? |
1. 2%
2. trigs 3. removed from circulation by capillary surface endothelium |
|
|
VLDL:
1. percentage protein 2. major lipid type 3. where are they made? 4. how are they broken down? |
1. 8%
2. trigs 3. made in the liver 4. broken down by lipoprotein lipase in the blood |
|
|
IDL:
1. percentage protein 2. major lipid type 3. where are they made? 4. how are they broken down? |
1. 15%
2. cholesterol 3. in the blood from VLDL via lipoprotein lipase 4. taken up and metabolized by the liver |
|
|
LDL:
1. percentage protein 2. major lipid type 3. where are they made? 4. how are they broken down? |
1. 21%
2. cholesterol 3. in the blood from VLDL and IDL 4. converted to cholesterol in body cells ("bad cholesterol") and liver |
|
|
HDL:
1. percentage protein 2. major lipid type 3. where are they made? 4. how are they broken down? |
1. 50%
2. phospholipid (and cholesterol) 3. in body cells ("good cholesterol") 4. cholesterol excreted in the bile |
|
|
how do saturated fats affect lipoproteins?
|
raise LDL
|
|
|
how do trans fats affect lipoproteins?
|
raise LDL, lower HDL
|
|
|
how do MUFAs affect lipoproteins?
|
lower LDL
|
|
|
how do omega-3 PUFAs affect lipoproteins?
|
lower blood cholesterol
|
|
|
what are the essential fatty acids?
|
1. linoleic acid (18:2, n-6)
2. α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) (not in cats) 3. EPA (not in cats) 4. arachadonic acid in cats |
|
|
what fatty acid is essential in cats and why?
|
arachadonic acid
because they cannot desaturate ALA and EPA |
|
|
what are some functions of essential fatty acids?
|
- cell membrane structure
- development of CNS and retina - synthesis of eicocanoids (postaglandins, prostacyclins, etc.) - lipid mediators of inflammation |
|
|
which fatty acids are pro-inflammatory and which are anti-inflammatory?
|
pro: n-6 eicosanoids
anti: n-3 eicosanoids |
|
|
what are some clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency?
|
dermatitis, poor hair coat, irritated and flaky skin, poor feathering in chicks, GI problems, compromised immunity, slow growth, reproductive failure
|
|
|
what stimulates lipolysis, where does it occur, and with which enzyme?
|
insulin stimulates lipolysis in adipocytes, which break trigs into FAs with hormone-sensitive lipase
|
|
|
what are the major biological roles of phospholipids?
|
- components of cell membranes and lipoproteins
- aid in digestion, absorption, transport of lipids, and cellular metabolism |
|
|
how is cholesterol obtained?
|
from eating animal products and it is made in the body
|
|
|
how is cholesterol used by the body?
|
- synthesis of bile acids
- synthesis of steroids - component of cell membranes |
|
|
what BCS scales are used for dogs/cats, horses, dairy cattle, and beef cattle?
|
dogs/cats: 1-5 or 1-9
horses: 1-9 dairy cattle: 1-5 beef cattle: 1-9 |
|
|
BCS is based on what?
|
the amount of subQ body fat
|
|
|
what is the composition of lactose?
|
glucose + galactose via a beta-1,4 linkage
|
|
|
what is the composition of sucrose?
|
glucose + fructose
|
|
|
what is the composition of maltose?
|
glucode + glucose
|
|
|
what are the two types of plant starches and their bond types?
|
1. amylose (alpha-1,4)
2. amylopectin (alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6) |
|
|
adult animals can hydrolyze which types of glycosidic linkages?
|
alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6
(exception: lactase breaks down lactose, which has a beta-1,4 linkage) |
|
|
where is the major site of CHO digestion, and which enzymes are involved?
|
small intestine
- amylase from the pancreas - maltase, lactase and sucrase from the SI |
|
|
which types of CHOs can be absorbed by the SI?
|
only monosaccarides
|
|
|
in non-ruminants, what types of CHOs are not digested, but excreted in the feces?
|
lignins, cutins, and waxes
|
|
|
in non-ruminants, what types of CHOs are fermented to CO2, methane, and hydrogen?
|
gums, mucilages, and pectins
|
|
|
in ruminants, which type of CHO is not digested, but is instead excreted in the feces?
|
lignin
|
|
|
what is the sweetest simple sugar? the least?
|
fructose is the sweetest
lactose is the least sweet |
|
|
name the 7 macro-minerals
|
Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S
|
|
|
name the 9 most significant microminerals
|
Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Co, Mn, I, F, Mo
(note Mo exists as an anion) |
|
|
where in the GI tract are minerals absorbed and what are three noteworthy exceptions?
|
in the SI
1. P in large bowel of the horse 2. P in the large bowel of the cat 3. Mg in the rumen |
|
|
which macrominerals require active transport?
|
Ca, P, Na
|
|
|
what chelating anion inhibits the absorption of calcuim from spinach?
|
oxalate
|
|
|
what substance inhibits the absorption of phosphate from plant sources?
|
phytate
|
|
|
what are optimal Ca:P ratios?
|
1:1 or 2:1 for most animals; 13:1 in laying hens
|
|
|
what are the best plant sources of calcium?
|
legumes > grasses > grains
|
|
|
which vitamin increases the absorption of phosphate?
|
Vitamin D
|
|
|
what are the best plant sources of phosphate?
|
legumes > grains > grasses
|
|
|
what are the major functions of magnesium?
|
bone mineral, enzyme activation, cofactors, nerve and muscle function
|
|
|
what are the best plant sources of magnesium
|
legumes > grasses > grains
|
|
|
what are the best plant sources of postassium?
|
legumes > grasses > grains
|
|
|
what are the three major functions of selenium?
|
1. component of glutathione peroxidase
2. component of iodothyronone deiodinase (T3 --> T4) 3. improves killing ability of neutrophils |
|
|
what vitamin is synergistic with selenium?
|
Vitamin E
|
|
|
what are clinical signs of selenium deficiency?
|
- white muscle disease
- exudative diathesis in chicks |
|
|
what are clinical signs of selenium toxicity?
|
- blind staggers (alkali disease): hair loss, laminitis, hypersalivation, blindness, heart atrophy, death
|
|
|
besides iron, which mineral is needed for hematopoesis?
|
Cu
|
|
|
what are the major functions of molybdenum
|
redox reactions, cofactor, metabolism of sulfur-continaing amino acids, metabolism of purines and pyrimidines, liver detoxification
|
|
|
what is the major function of B vitamins?
|
transfer of energy
|
|
|
which vitamins act as antioxidants?
|
A, E, C, (beta carotene)
|
|
|
which vitamins act as horomones?
|
A, D
|
|
|
which vitamin is required for blood clotting?
|
K
|
|
|
which vitamin serves as an antioxidant to protect lipids, such as those in cell membranes?
|
E
(also added to oils as a preservative) |
