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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what was the first nutrient understood by people?
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protein
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how many amino acids are there?
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20
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what is the distinguishing chemical feature of protein?
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Nitrogen
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what is a peptide?
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a short chain of amino acids, about 1-100
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what is an example of a peptide?
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insulin
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how many amino acids are in insulin?
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51
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what two places denature proteins?
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stomach and small intestine
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where do the proteases in the small intestine come from?
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pancreas
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in order for amino acids to be absorbed by the blood stream, they must be broken into a maximum of four AA in a chain. Why is this?
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to prevent the absorption of foreign proteins into the blood stream
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what are two examples of protein body constituent functions?
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blood clotting and blood transport
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what is a specific protein that transports nutrients in the blood?
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lipoproteins
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what are a few examples of structure components in the body made of protein?
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muscle, connective tissue, bone matrix, cell membranes
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how do proteins maintain bodily fluid balance?
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they control osmotic pressure in the blood stream, typically drawing water into it
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what is adema?
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protein deficiency leading to fluids leaking out of the blood stream and into general body cavities
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how do proteins help with acid/base balance?
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they act as a buffer
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what are two protein structures that regulate body functions?
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enzymes and peptide hormones
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what protein structure accounts for most of body protein?
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enzymes
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what is an example of a peptide hormone?
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insulin
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how many amino acids are either neurotransmitters or precursors to neurotransmitters?
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3
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what is the function/advantage of neurotransmitters?
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controls the amplification of nerve impulses
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what protein structure aids the immune system by removing antigens?
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antibodies
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less than 10% of energy comes from ---.
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protein
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what is gluconeogenesis?
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the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids, breaks down body protein and muscle; occurs during skipped meals.
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how many Kcal/g is protein?
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4
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what is the RDA for protein based on?
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age and weight
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what is the average RDA of protein for an adult?
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.8 g/kg body weight/day
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how much protein based on average weight should each an adult female and male consume per day?
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female:44, male:63
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typically, adult protein needs are met by eating --- kcal of a diet.
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1200
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since children are growing, they need to eat more protein so that they can aquire it. how many g/kg bodyweight/day should a child have?
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2.2
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about how many g/kg body weight/day should an athlete consume?
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1-1.5
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can the food pyramid supply enough protein to satisfy the needs of an athlete?
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yes
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what are the averge g/day intake for US females and males?
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female:70, males:90
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what happens to excessive protein?
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used as energy, then N must be excreted by the kidneys.
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how many essential amino acids are there?
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9
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what is a complete protein?
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a protein that has all 9 essential amino acids
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complete proteins are retained more/less by the body.
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more
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the chemical score of protein is compared to the 100 value of an --.
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egg
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what is the chemical score of milk?
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93
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what is the chemical score of fish?
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76
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what is the chemical score of beef?
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76
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what is the chemical score of soy?
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73
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what is the chemical score of whole wheat?
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65
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what is the chemical score of gelatin?
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11
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animals typically have -- quality protein while plants have --.
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animals high, plants low
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what does a lactovegetarian eat?
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plants and dairy
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what does a lactovulvegetarian eat?
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plants, milk, eggs
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what are some disadvantages of eating animal food despite high protein quality?
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high fat and cholesterol
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what are some advantages of eating plant foods despite low protein quality?
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fiber, complex carbs, low fat, no cholesterol.
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what is protein complementarity?
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combining 2 incomplete proteins to improve their supple of limiting amino acid
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what is limiting amino acid?
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the amino acid lacking in the body in order to form a specific protein
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what is an example of a complementary protein pair?
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grains and legumes
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what is marasmus?
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protein deficiency/starvation resulting in skinniness due to the body eating its own fat and muscle
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what is kwashiorkor?
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striking the first born child of a family after the weening due to a second child, protein deficiency causing adema
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