Nutrician Review For Final Exam

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Nutrients-

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Are the chemical substances supplied by food that the body needs for growth, maintenance and repair.
Essential or Nonessential, refer to terms list.

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Functions of Nutrients:

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1. Serve as a source of energy or heat.
2. Support the growth and maintenance of tissue.
3. Aid in the regulation of basic body processess.

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Energy Nutrients

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Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are the nutrients that supply energy.

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Malnutrician

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Poor nutrician that occurs when body cells receive too much or too little of one or more nutrients.

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Phytochemicals

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Food ingrediants found in plant sources.

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Zoochemicals

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Food ingredients found in animal sources.

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Probiotics

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bacterial found in food that reduce the duration of acute diarrhea in children. i.e. yogurt

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Fiber

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Material in foods mostly from plants that the human body can't break down.

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Proteins

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The building blocks the body's tissues and organs.
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Break down into amino acids.

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Minerals

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Become part of the body's stucture, unlike vitamins.-
Don't provide energy.-
Inorganic substances-
7 major
10 trace

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Major Minerals

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Calcium- Ca
Sodium- Na+
Potassium- K+
Phosphorus- P
Magnesium- Mg
Sulfur- S
Chloride- Cl-

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Calcium

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99% of calcium in 150 lb adult is in the bones and teeth.-
Forms hard substance of bones and teeth with phosphorus.
Milk and milk products-
2 substaces that interfere with absorp are sodium and caffeine.
Causes osteoporosis.
Chvostek's sign- twitch of facial muscles.
Trousseau's sign- inflation of blood pressure cuff for 3 mins causes spasms of the forearm.

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Sodium

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Maintains fluid balance in body.
Major source of sodium= table salt.

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Potassium

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Maintains fluid balance and is essential for the conduction of nerve impulses and the contraction of muscles.
Also helps maintain the electrolyte and ph balance in the body.

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Phosphorus

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Helps to maintain bones and teeth along with calcium.
Component of DNA and RNA-

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Magnesium

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Absorbed throughout the small intestine.
Calcium and Phosphorus can inhibit magnesium abosortion. The work against each other.

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Sulfur

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Body contains approx- 175 grams of sulfur, a component of cytoplasm of every cell.

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Chloride

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It is released by white blood cells as they fight foreign substances.
Component of hydrochloric acid.

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Trace Minerals

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Iron*
Iodine*
Fluoride*
Zinc*
Selenium
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
Cobalt
Molybdenum

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Iron

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The body conserves its supply of iron by recycling the mineral released from the catabolism of worn-out red blood cells.
Essential to formation of hemoglobin.
Also component of myoglobin.
Storage of iron is called ferritin.
Defiency called amemia.
Infant formula fortified with Iron.

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Iodine

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Can be found in muscles, thyroid gland, skin and skeleton.
Defiency could cause Goiter, and enlargment of the thyroid gland.
Severe hypothyroidism during pregnancy can result in cretinism.

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Fluoride

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Helps prevent dental cavities.
Put into bottled water.

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Zinc

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Helps to minimize effects of common cold and flu.
Aids in wound healing.

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Fats (lipids)

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Lipids are insoluable in water.
Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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Fatty acid

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composed of a chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen and a few oxygen atoms attached.

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Saturated fats

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solid at room temp. They're usually found in animal products such as meat, poultry and whole milk.

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Unsaturated fats

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Liquid at room temp.
Corn, cottonseed, safflower, soybean and sunflower oils.

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Emulsifier

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an agent that prevents fat from rising to the surface of any fat and water mixture.

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Function of fats

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Lipids are important in diet and serve many functions.
Fuel source and act as vehicle for fat- soluable vitamins.

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Roles of the health care team

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Clients are the focus of the health care team.
Clients who take part in their care are more likely to achieve the set goals.

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Subjective Date

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Experiences the client reports, also termed symptoms.

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Objective Data

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Findings verifiable by another through physical assessment or diagnostic tests. also termed signs.

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Way to determine body frame size.

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Elbow width used as an indication of frame size.
See Clinical Calculations 2-1 on page 19.

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Energy source required for the majority of the body cells

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Carbohydrates, fats and proteins provide the body's energy needs.
Water is necessary for the body's cells.

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Cultures and nutrician-

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Different cultures nutritional needs and practices vary amongst the different groups

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African American

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One pot dinners serve to tenderize the meatand flavor the veggies. Contains pork, dandelion, turnip and collard. Soul food signifies a shared heritage and loving prepration.

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Hispanic American

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Corn is staple crop of Mexico.
Frequently fried or stewd in oil or lard.

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Native Hawaiians

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Old diet consisted of starch root, sweet potatoes, breadfruit, fruit, greens and seaweed. Western diet has been detrimental to natives.

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Chinese American

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Noodles and dumplings major part of diet. Rice also. Yin and Yang with food. No cold with hot.

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Jewish American

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Kosher foods- only designated animals may be eaten.- some of those animals must be ritually slaughtered. - dairy products and meats mus not be eaten at the same time.

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Vegan diets-

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Ovolactovegetarian: dairy products and eggs.
Lactovegetarian: Dairy products.
Ovovegetarian: Eggs.
Strict Vegetarian(vegan) none

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Vitamin A

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found in beta-carotene.
Transported bound to retinol-binding protein.
Necessary for vision, healthy epithelial tissue and for proper bone growth.
Deficit could cause night blindness.

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Vitamin D

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Promotes bone growth.
Causes Rickets in children.
Prominent in dark skinned breastfed babies.
Causes Osteomalacia in adults.
Sources; sunlight, fortified milk.

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Vitamin E

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Has been linked to reduce cardivascular disease and cancer, not proven yet.
Major function: antioxidant.

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Vitamin K

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Role of Vitamin K in blood clotting has been known and used clinically for a long time.
Given to newborn infants.

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Vitamin C

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Contributes to wound and burn and fracture healing. Serves as antioxidant. Enhances the absorption of iron and converts folic acid, a B vitamin to an active form.
Necessary for production of collagen.
Deficiency can cause scurvy.

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B complex Vitamins

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Encompasses 8 vitamins

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Thiamine ( B1)

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Defiencency causes Beriberi. Common in alcoholics.

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Riboflavin (B2)

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is a coenzyme in the metabolism of protein and of other vitamins.

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Niacin(B3)

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is a coenzyme required for energy metabolism. Also participates in sythesis of fatty acids.

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Vitamin B6

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is a coenzyme in the synthesis and catabolism of amino acids.Helps to manufacture anitbodies.

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Folic Acid

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Necessary for the formation of DNA.

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Vitamin B12

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required in a series of reactions that precede the use of folic acid.
Deficit causes pernicious anemia.
Also chrone's disease.

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Pregnancy Needs

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Increased amts of Certain B vitamins and especially folic acid and vitamin C.
Also needs: Calcium, Iron, and Phosphorus and Magnesium.
Increase kcals by 350 cals in the first and second trimester and by 500 kcals in third trimester.
Protein is required to build fetal tissue.

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Teen age pregnacy.

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Problems occur due to the fact that mother is still going through growth period as well and now must support nutritonal needs for her and baby. High risk for preemies. and pre eclampsia.

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Breastfeeding

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Aids in uterine contraction -
Convienent for cost-
Lessens risk of breast cancer-
Provideds immunities to baby.
Colostrum has most immunities for baby.

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Adolescents

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75% of adolescents in a study showed that they lacked calcium and zink.
Poor diets and inactivity leading to obesity concern.

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Feeding issues related to infants and toddlers-

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Infants- no solid food before 4mths old. Start with rice cereal and then introduce new foods one at a time once a week or so.
Toddlers- Autonomy: Let them have a choice between their snacks. Like finger foods. Keep regular schedule.

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First indication to poor nutrician is measured in infants and toddlers by:

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weight and growth charts.

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Elderly-

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Integrity:
dehydration s/s;
skin warm dry
decreased turgor
furrowed tongue
increased specific gravity
weakness
confusion

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Sodium Controlled diet

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Used to control hypertension, congestive heart failure, fluid retaining kidneys, and edema.

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Controlled Cholesterol diet

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prescribed when clients have elevated cholesterol levels.

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Full liquid diet

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provides foods and beverages that are liquid or may become liquid at room temp.

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Clear liquid diet

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provides energy and fluid in a form that requires minimal digestive action.