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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a triglyceride?
what is it made of? |
-chemical form in food/body fat
-glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
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what is a food source of triglyceride?
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-beef
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what are the 3 functions of fat?
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1. energy
2. regulation 3. structure |
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in what ways does fat regulate?
in what ways does fat help with structure? |
-regulates: essential fats (nerves), sex hormones (estrogen)
-structure: insulation of organs, membrane structure |
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what are the 2 categories of fatty acids?
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1. saturated
2. unsaturated |
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what kind of bonds do sat. fat contain?
what are food sources of sat. fat? what is its shape at room temp? |
-no double bonds
-fully sat. w/hydrogen atoms -C16, C18 - palmitic, stearic -anything from animals: beef, butter... -solid |
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what kind of bonds does unsat. fat contain?
what are food sources of unsat. fat?what is its shape at room temp? |
-double bonds
-C=C -plant foods - olive oil -liquid |
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what does essential fatty acids mean?
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-body can't make it
-fatty acids necessary for normal functions |
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what are the 2 essential fatty acids?
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1. 18:2 - linoleic
-corn oil 2. 18:3 - linolenic -salmon 18 carbons, 2 or 3 c=c (carbon double bonds) |
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what is a food sources for linoleic acid?
what is a food source for linolenic acid? |
-18:2 - corn oil
-18:3 - salmon |
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what is hydrogenation?
why do we hydrogenate stuff? what is a food source of hydrogenated fats? |
-process of adding H's to double bonds of unsat. fatty acids
-unsat. fats are liquids/unstable and go bad/rancid -margarine |
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what is the process of hydrogenation?
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-converts unsat. to sat. fatty acids
-decreases essential fatty acids content -fat from liquid to solid -stabilizes fat, more resistant to oxidation -result: formation of trans fatty acids |
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is there a change in calories or cholesterol during hydrogenation/in trans fats?
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no
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what is olestra?
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-synthetic fat replacement
-not digestible -0 kcal/g -made from sugar, fatty acid -reduces absorption of vitamins A, E, D |
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what does fat's insolubility in water influence?
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-digestion
-absorption -transportation |
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what is the process of fat digestion?
where does it begin? |
-begins in small intestine
-once digested, TG (from food) and bile (an emulsifier) forms a micelle -micelle can then be absorbed by body |
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what are micelles made of?
micelles = fat droplets |
-TG + bile
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what is a chylomicron?
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-fat droplet reforms with protein coat
-TG + cholesterol wrapped in protein -type of lipoprotein -fat + protein |
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what happens during fat absorption?
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-micelle is transported across intestinal wall
-transforms into chylomicron -released into blood |
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what is a chylomicron?
what is a lipoprotein? |
-fat + protein
-transport form of fat in circulation |
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how is fat transported?
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-chylomicron in blood delivers TG to tissues (muscle, adipose)
-liver where it is repackaged as VLDL -VLDL released into blood -delivers TG to tissues -loss of some TG transforms VLDL into LDL -LDL drops off cholesterol at cells, returns to liver -liver also forms HDL --> blood -HDL receives cholesterol from LDL -travels back to liver |
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what is cholesterol/where is it made?
what are its essential functions? |
-fatty wax-like substances in body
-performs essential functions -made in liver -membrane structure -precursor to bile acids, sex hormones, vit. D |
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what is energy metabolism?
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-integration of carbs, protein, fat metabolism for energy
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what are the 3 considerations of energy needs for energy metabolism?
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1. following a meal
2. several hours after eating (overnight) 3. 24-36 hrs fasted |
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what are the end products of fat energy metabolism?
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-energy (9kcal/g), CO2, H2O
-it's the same as carb energy metabolism |
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in energy storage following a meal:
-what does carbs turn into and what is it stored as? -fat? -protein? |
-all E nutrients are put away in storage
-carbs: glucose - muscle/liver/glycogen -fat: fatty acids/TG - body fat -protein: amino acids - replaces needs/tissue repair, N in pee, body fat |
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in energy storage after eating:
-what are the E sources, units, and used for? |
-E nutrients are brought out of storage
-glycogen - glucose - brain E and other E -fat stores - fatty acids- E |
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in energy storage following a fast:
-what are the E sources, units, and used for? |
-glycogen as run out, glucose made from protein
-body protein - amino acids - glucose, brain E, N in pee -fat stores - fatty acid - E, ketones |
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how do you calculate BMI?
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-weight / height squared
-obese if bigger than 30 |
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what % is a desirable weight?
what % is considered obese for women/men? |
- >20%
-men: >20-25% -women: >30% |
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what is the ration indicator of ab obesity?
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-waist to hip ratio
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what are internal factors that affect food intake control?
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-brain centers, feelings of hunger, feelings of satiety
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what central nervous system factors that affect food intake control?
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-brain centers - hypothalamus
-brain chemicals - serotonin |
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what peripheral factors affect food intake control?
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-hormones
-fat mass/cell size -stomach signals -exercise |
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what conditions/diseases affect food intake control?
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-pregnancy
-obesity -eating disorder -cancer -psychological disorders |
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-what external/environment factors affect food intake control?
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-time of day
-eating cues (movies, TV, friends...) -temperature |
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what are the 7 theories of causes of obesity?
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-calorie imbalance
-inactivity -genetics (ability to store fat efficiently) -thrifty metabolism -set point -meal pattern -meal composition |
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what is thrifty metabolism?
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-decreased BMR --> kcal in more than kcal out --> increased fat stores
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how does meal pattern cause obesity?
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-skipping meals --> increase fat stores by encouraging greater fat storage
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what is the daily value of fat and sat. fat per day?
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-fat: 65g/day
-sat. fat: 20 g/day -divide what you eat by the respective amount and x100 to get a % |
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what is the recommended fat/sat. fat intake?
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-fat: less than 30%
-sat. fat: less than 10% |
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how do you calculate the limit of fat and sat. fat for a person eating XXXcalories per day?
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XXXcalories x .3/.1 = YYYcalories
YYYcalories / 9kcal/g = ZZZg fat |
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what is anorexia?
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-self-induced starvation
-fear of being fat -distorted body image -amenorrhea |
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what are the nutritional risks with anorexia?
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-low cal intake = nutrient deficiencies
-protein, calcium, zinc, iron, vitamins |
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what is bulimia?
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-recurring episodes of binging and purging
-restricts diet then gives in and over eats --> feels guilty --> cycle -2x/week in 3 months |
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what are the nutritional risks with bulimia?
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-inconsistent calorie intake
-potassium loss -fat-soluble vitamin loss -teeth erosion -heart/organ failure |
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what % of your total body weight does minerals represent?
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-5-6%
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what are minerals?
what are it's functions? |
-essential nutrients
-elemental substances other than CHON -inorganic b/c no carbon |
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what are major minerals?
what are trace minerals? |
-in body at levels greater than .01% of body weight
--in body at levels less than .01% of body weight |
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what are the different types of major minerals?
what are the different types of trace minerals? |
-Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Cl
-Fe, Zn, fluoride, iodine |
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what is bioavailability?
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-the amount of a nutrient that is available for absorption
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what is the bioavailability for protein, carbs, fat?
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-90-95%
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what factors affect bioavailability?
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-growth
-pregnancy -aging -medications -fiber -form of mineral in food -components in food |
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what is the function of Ca?
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-structure:
-teeth, bones -regulatory: -blood clot formation -muscle/nerve cell transmission |
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what is osteoporosis?
what are the factors that increase risk? |
-porous bones
-weak bones w/low mineral content -age, women, low-Ca intake, inactivity, smoking/booze |
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what is a non-dairy food source of Ca?
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-tofu
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what are electrolytes?
what minerals are electrolytes? |
-minerals that can dissolve in water or carry/form an electrical charge
-Na, K |
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what are the functions of Na and K?
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-regulation of fluid homeostasis
-Na-outside of cell(extracellular) -K-inside cells(innercellular) -keep a balance -transmission of nerve impulses |
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what happens when you are Na/K deficient?
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-diarrhea
-drop in blood pressure -light-head/dizzy |
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what are food sources for:
-sat. fat -monosat. -polysat. -linoleic -linolenic -hydrogenated -cholesterol -HDL -nondairy calcium |
-sat. fat - butter
-monosat. - avocado -polysat. -fish -linoleic - corn oil -linolenic -fish/salmon -hydrogenated - margarine -cholesterol - - beef -HDL - NONE -nondairy calcium - tofu |
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how does sat. fat affect LDL and HDL levels?
-monosat. fat? -polysat. fat? |
-sat. fat: raise LDL, lowers HDL
-monosat.: the "good" kind - lowers LDL but neutral to HDL -polysat.: most unstable - lowers both LDL and HDL |
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fat is transported through the circulation system to various tissues such as muscle and adipose as ___?
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-lipoproteins
-TG, cholesterol, protein |
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what is bile made?
what is bile made of? what is it's function? |
-liver
-made from cholesterol -used for fat digestion |
