Nursing Test 3 Part 2

Front 1

Proliferation

Back 1

refers to the reproduction of new cells through cell division

Front 2

neoplasia

Back 2

an abnormal and progressive multiplication of cells; leading to the formation of a neoplasm

Front 3

Differentiation

Back 3

refers to the acquisition of a specific cell function; normal process in which cells become more specialized

Front 4

Cell Regulation

Back 4

all functions carried out within the cells to maintain homeostasis, including their signals and the way each cell produces an intracellular response

Front 5

Neoplasm

Back 5

refers to new and abnormal tissue growth that is uncontrolled and progressive

Front 6

Acidosis

Back 6

blood pH below 7.35

Front 7

Alkalosis

Back 7

blood pH above 7.45

Front 8

Hypercalcemia

Back 8

is abnormally high Ca concentration in the blood

Front 9

Hypocalcemia

Back 9

is abnormally low Ca concentration in the blood

Front 10

Hyperkalemia

Back 10

is abnormally high K ion concentration in the blood

Front 11

Hypokalemia

Back 11

is abnormally low K ion concentration in the blood

Front 12

Interstitial Fluid

Back 12

is located between the cells and outside the blood vessels

Front 13

Intravascular Fluid

Back 13

the liquid portion of the blood (plasma)

Front 14

Extracellular Fluid Volume excess

Back 14

occurs when there is to much isotonic fluid in the extracellular compartment

Front 15

Extracellular Fluid Volume Deficit

Back 15

is resent when there is insufficient isotonic fluid in the extracellular compartment

Front 16

Intravenous Therapy
(Crystalloids)

Back 16

is to correct or prevent fluid and electrolyte disturbances allows for direct access to the vascular system permitting the continuous infusion of fluids over a period of time

Front 17

Colloid Osmotic Pressure
(Oncotic Pressure)

Back 17

an inward-pulling force caused by blood proteins that helps move fluid from the interstitial are back in capillaries

Front 18

Colloid

Back 18

proteins in the blood bigger that electrolytes glucose; most are to large to leave capillaries in the fluid that is filtered

Front 19

Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 19

the force of the fluid pressing outward against a surface

Front 20

Filtration

Back 20

is the net effect of 4 forces, 2 tend to move fluid out of capillaries and small venules and 2 move fluid back into capillaries and small venules

Front 21

Osmotic Pressure

Back 21

an inward-pulling force caused by particles in the fluid, tends to pull water into the cell

Front 22

Osmosis

Back 22

water moves across cell membrane; separates fluids with different particle concentrations

Front 23

Fluid

Back 23

water that contains dissolved as suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts, and proteins

Front 24

Extracellular Fluid

Back 24

fluid located outside the cells; apprx 1/3 of total body water; intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluids

Front 25

Intracellular Fluid

Back 25

fluid located inside the cells; 2/3 of total body water

Front 26

Anions

Back 26

ions that are negatively charged

Front 27

Osmolaity

Back 27

is a measure of the number of particles per kilogram of water

Front 28

Cations

Back 28

ions that are positively charged

Front 29

Electrolytes

Back 29

mineral salts; a compound that separates into ions when dissolved in water

Front 30

Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 30

occurs from a direct increase of base or a decrease of metabolic acid which increases bicarbonate in the blood raising the pH; common causes include vomiting and gastric suction

Front 31

Metabolic Acidosis

Back 31

occurs from an increase of metabolic acid or a decrease of bicarbonate; kidneys are unable to excrete enough metabolic acids which accumulate in the blood or bicarbonate is removed from the body directly as with diarrhea; which make bicarbonate in the blood decrease and the pH falls

Front 32

Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 32

arises from alveolar hyperventilation the lungs excrete to much carbonic acid in the blood, which increases the pH; usually short lived, thus the kidneys do not have time to compensate

Front 33

Active Transport

Back 33

requires energy in the form of ATP to move electrolytes across cell membranes against the concentration gradient from areas with decrease concentration to area of high concentration

Front 34

Hypertonic

Back 34

solution is more concentrated than a normal blood

Front 35

External Factors influencing health beliefs

Back 35

Socioeconomic factors, Family practices cultural background

Front 36

Internal variables that Influence health beliefs

Back 36

Intellectual Background, Perception of Functioning, Emotional Factors and Spiritual Factors

Front 37

Protective Touch

Back 37

form of touch that protects the patient and/or the nurse; patient can view this positively or negatively; prevents an accident, an example is a nurse withdrawing herself

Front 38

Caring Touch

Back 38

this touch is a form of non-verbal communication which successfully infulence's a patient's comfort and security, enhances self-esteem, confidence of caregivers and improves mental well being

Front 39

Task-oriented Touch

Back 39

touch used when performing a task or procedure; skillful and gentle performance of a nursing procedure conveys security and a sense of confidence

Front 40

Swanson's Theory

Back 40

consisting of 5 categories; defines caring as a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility

Front 41

Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring

Back 41

emphasized nurse-patient relationship; places care before cure. preserves human dignity in the technological , cure-dominated health care system

Front 42

Patricia Benner Judith Wrubel view of caring

Back 42

caring creates possibility personal concern for another person an event or thing provides motivation and direction for people to care

Front 43

Enabling

Back 43

when a nurse and patient work together to identify approaches to care and resources; teaching a patient to give insulin, helping a patient through a breast exam

Front 44

Leninger's Transcultural Caring Theory

Back 44

care is essential human need necessary for health and survival of all individuals; care unlike cure helps an individual or group improve; human condition; nurturing and skillful activities to assist people in a empathic compassionate and supportive

Front 45

Fluid

Back 45

Water plus the substances dissolved and suspended in it

Front 46

Fluid, Electrolyte intake and Absorption

Back 46

addition of fluid and electrolytes to the body and their movement into the blood

Front 47

Fluid and Electrolyte Distribution

Back 47

process of moving fluid and electrolytes between the various body fluid compartments

Front 48

Fluid and Electrolyte Output

Back 48

the removal of fluid and electrolytes from the body normal and abnormal routes

Front 49

Physiological Effects of Heat

Back 49

Vasodilation, Increased Capillary Permeability, Increased Cellular Metabolism, Increased Inflammation, Sedative effect, decreased blood viscosity, decrease muscle tension

Front 50

Devices to Apply Heat

Back 50

Hot water bags or bottles, Electric heating pads, Aquathermia pads, hat packs, moist heat, sitz bath, warm socks

Front 51

Physiological Effects of Cold

Back 51

Constricts peripheral blood vessels, reduces muscles spasms, promotes comfort

Front 52

Red
Yellow
Black

Back 52

Protect=
Cleanse=
Debride=

Front 53

Devices to Apply Cold

Back 53

Ice bags, Cold packs, Hypothermia blankets, moist cells

Front 54

Braden Assessment Tool

Back 54

a tool that assess a client's pressure ulcer risk

Front 55

Being present
Providing a caring Touch
LISTENING

Back 55

behaviors in causing include

Front 56

Electrolytes

Back 56

substances that are charges particles (ions) when they are placed in water

Front 57

Isotonic

Back 57

a fluid with the same concentration of nonpermanent particles as normal blood

Front 58

Hypotonic

Back 58

a solution is more dilute than the blood

Front 59

Diffusion

Back 59

free movement of particles across permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
-Transport most electrolytes

Front 60

pH

Back 60

is a measure of its degree of acidity

Front 61

Base

Back 61

is a substance that takes up bicarbonate

Front 62

Acid

Back 62

is a substance that releases hydrogen ions

Front 63

Acid-base Balance

Back 63

is the process of regulation the pH; bicarbonate concentration and partial pressure of carbon dioxide of body fluids

Front 64

Chronic Illness

Back 64

persists usually longer than 6 months, is irreversible, affects functioning in one or more systemic systems; Patients often fluctuate between maximal functioning and serious health relapse that may be life threatening

Front 65

Acute Illness

Back 65

usually reversible, has a short duration and is often severe. Symptoms appear abruptly are intense, and often subside after a relatively short period

Front 66

Tertiary Prevention

Back 66

prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible

Front 67

Secondary Prevention

Back 67

prevention focuses on tose who have a disease or are at risk to develop a disease

Front 68

Primary Prevention

Back 68

true prevention that lowers the chances that a disease will develop

Front 69

Illness Prevention

Back 69

activities such as immunization programs, protect patients from actual or potential threats to health

Front 70

Health Promotion

Back 70

activities such as routine exercise and good nutrition helps patients maintain or enhance their presence levels of health

Front 71

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Back 71

used to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs

Front 72

Health Belief Model

Back 72

addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors; helps one understand factors influencing patient's perceptions beliefs and behavior to plan care

Front 73

Health-illness continuum

Back 73

used to measure a person's perceived level of wellness

Front 74

Illness

Back 74

seen as the physical manifestations and the subjective experience of the individual

Front 75

Disease

Back 75

is a functional or structural disturbance that results when a person's adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and stresses fail

Front 76

Wellness

Back 76

refers to a positive state or health of an individual, family or community

Front 77

Health

Back 77

a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease, that people define in relation to their own values, personality and lifestyle

Front 78

Wound Contraction

Back 78

edges of the wound coming together to heal

Front 79

Wound

Back 79

disruption of the integrity and functions of tissues in the body

Front 80

Vacuum Assisted Closure

Back 80

a device that assits in wound closure by applying localized negative pressure to draw edges of a wound together

Front 81

Tissue isolation

Back 81

point at which tissues receive insufficient O2 and perfusion

Front 82

Slough

Back 82

stringy substances attached to wound bed, soft yellow or white tissues, must be removed before the wound is able to heal

Front 83

Serosanguineous

Back 83

pale, pink, watery; mixture of clear and red fluid

Front 84

Sanguineous

Back 84

bright red, indicates active bleeding

Front 85

Purulent

Back 85

a yellow, green or brown color exudate (pus)

Front 86

Puncture

Back 86

bleed in relation to the depth and size of the wound,
(ie. Knife or Nail wound)

Front 87

Laceration

Back 87

torn, jagged wound

Front 88

Induration

Back 88

hardening of a tissue particularly the skin, because of edema of inflammation

Front 89

Homeostasis

Back 89

termination of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means or the coagulation process of the body

Front 90

Hemorrhage

Back 90

bleeding from a wound site

Front 91

Hematoma

Back 91

a localized collection of blood underneath the tissues

Front 92

Granulation Tissue

Back 92

red moist tissue composed of new blood vessels, the presence of which indicates progression toward healing

Front 93

Exudate

Back 93

should describe the amount, color, consistency and odor of wound drainage

Front 94

Eschar

Back 94

black or brown necrotic tissue

Front 95

Epithelialization

Back 95

wound is filled with granulation tissue, contraction of the wound resurfacing of the wound; Fibroblasts are present; provide matrix for granulation

Front 96

Drainage Evacuators

Back 96

convenient portable units that connect to tubular drains and exert, a safe, constant low pressure vacuum to remove and collect drainage

Front 97

Debridement

Back 97

removal of dead tissue from a wound

Front 98

Collagen

Back 98

a tough fibrous protein

Front 99

Blanching

Back 99

occurs when the normal red tones of the light-skinned patient are absent

Front 100

Abrasion

Back 100

scraping or rubbing away of epidermis ; may result in localized bleeding and serious fluid

Front 101

Hypervolemia

Back 101

isotonic gain in proportional amounts of water and electrolytes; Fluid volume excess; development of edema throughout the body or in a specific body tissues or organs

Front 102

Hypernatremia

Back 102

water deficit, dehydration loss of only water leaving the patient with excess Sodium

Front 103

Hyponatremia

Back 103

gain of only water leaving low osmolality and low serum Na Levels, "Overhydration" water intoxication

Front 104

Cell Regulation

Back 104

all functions carried out within the cells to maintain homeostasis , including their responses to extracellular signals and the way each cell produces an intracellular response

Front 105

Stages of Development of a malignant neoplasm

Back 105

1)Initiation- irreversable mutation of a gene; appears somewhat abnormal.

2)Promotion- to become malignant cell must enter this stage, usually a latency period promotes cell divison and cell growth of a bad cell

3)Progression- final stage when cancer begins to spread and destroy healthy cells

Front 106

Grading System

Back 106

Gx- grade can not be assessed

G1- Well differentiated (low grade)
G2-Moderatley Differentiated (intermediate grade)
G3-Poorly Differentiated (high Grade)
G4- Undifferentiated (High Grade)

Front 107

Surgery

Back 107

Oldest treatment of cancer treatment; used to prevent growth and to treat symptoms.

Front 108

Radiation Therapy

Back 108

palliative, curative; packets of energy in the form of photons, or particles of energy penetrate tissue and induce direct biologic damage within the cells

Front 109

Chemotherapy

Back 109

certain group of chemicals called alkylating agents which have anti-cell growth systemic treatment of cancer, prevents cells from multiplying, invading, metastasizing in distant sites.

Front 110

Targeted Therapy

Back 110

prevents tumor growth by blocking signaling

Front 111

Migraine

Back 111

is a chronic, episode disorder; characterized by an intense pain in one side of the heady worsening with movement
classified as long -duration headaches (4-72hrs), causes are most likely a combination of vascular, genetic, neurologic, hormonal, and environmental factors.