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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The double walled sac surrounding the heart is
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Pericardium
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left sided symptoms of CCF?
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"– SOB – fatigue – Pulmonaryh oedema - frothy sputum– Tachychardia"
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How many liters of blood does a normal human have?
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4 to 6
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what is kidney disease?
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a loss in renal function over a period of months or years
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A joint that permits free movement is called
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a synovial joint.
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5 steps of the nursing process
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AAPIE ASSESS - obtaining information, subjective and objective ANALYZE - analyzing and interpreting the information to identify actual or potential problems PLAN - care plan, setting goals IMPLEMENT - putting plan to action EVALUATE - evaluate results
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The primary function of the small intestine is
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absorption of nutrients
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Epinephrine & norepinephrine are released by the
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Adrenal gland
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factors that effect blood pressure?
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age, fitness level, hydration, emotions, smoking
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causes of hypertension?
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alcohol intake, race, family history, stress, obesity, poor diet, tobacco or BC, sedentary lifestyle, aging
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The medical term for baldness is
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alopecia
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The actual site of gas exchange within the lungs is
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alveoli.
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what is the most common cause of CHF?
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an MI
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the master gland is?
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anterior pituitary
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largest artery in the body?
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aorta
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Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called
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Arteries
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Which synovial joint describes the hip?
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Ball-and-socket
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5 moments of hand hygiene
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before and after touching a patient, before and after a procedure, after touching a patient's surroundings
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medication that reduces the rate and strength of heart contractions by lowering sympathetic tone is called?
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Beta- adrenergic blocking agent
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The segment of the colon to which the appendix is attached is the
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caecum.
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The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
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carbon dioxide.
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One complete sequence of heart contraction and relaxation is called
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Cardiac cycle
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Muscle tissue that has involuntary regulation of contraction
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cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
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what is perineal care?
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care of the genitals and nether region
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what's intrinsic factors mean?
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characteristics specific to an individual's condition ex. Nutritional status, body type, mobility, incontinence
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what happens in Hypothyroidism?
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children: lack of phys growth and mental development, adults: fatigue, thyroiditis, intolerance to cold
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what results from too much ADH is secreted?
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contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls and raises blood pressure
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A decrease in glomerular blood pressure will:
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decrease the glomerular filtration rate
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Pressure injuries also know as...
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decubitus ulcer, bedsore, trophic ulcer, stasis ulcer, ischaemic ulcer
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What is the first threat to life from full thickness burns over 60% of the body:
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dehydration
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what happens if the right side of your heart fails?
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deoxygenated blood won't be getting pumped to the lungs
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A disorder caused by underproduction of anti-diuretic hormone
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Diabetes insipidus
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A disorder characterized by inadequate production of Insulin is:
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Diabetes Mellitus
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What determines blood pressure?
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diameter, flexibilty, and the amount of blood being pumped through
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causes of hypotension?
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drugs, dehydration, haemorrhage
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Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas are cancer of the
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epidermal cells
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The lid of the larynx is called the
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Epiglottis
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what results from too little ADH secreted?
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excessive water loss and Diabetes insipidus
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Blood pressure within the glomerulus is __________, which forces fluids and relatively small solutes out of the blood and into the capsule.
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extremely high
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The gall bladder is stimulated to release bile when______________ are present in chyme:
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Fats
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hormone levels are kept within a specific range by?
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feedback mechanisms and the nervous system
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what does adrenaline/noradrenaline do?
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fight or flight - increases blood pressure and heart rate
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external respiration is:
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gas exchange between outside and blood
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Internal respiration is:
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gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells
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Another name for the alimentary canal is the
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gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
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what disease results from too much GH?
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Gigantism(children) acromegaly(adults)
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what 3 hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?
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Glucocorticoids(Cortisol), Mineralocorticoids(aldosterone), sex hormones in small amounts
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18. The liver can store glucose in the form of
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Glycogen
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what are the six anterior pituitary hormones?
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GoaTFLAP: GH, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, Prolactin
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one of the most common forms of hyperthyroidism?
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graves disease: goiter, nervousness, weight loss, tachycardia, sweating, tremors, protrusion of eyes
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Compared to arteries, veins have
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have thinner walls, carry deoxygenated blood, carry to heart
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The acid found in the stomach to help break down food is:
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hydrochloric acid
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factors affecting body temperature?
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illness, medication, age, pregnancy, time of day, dehydration, clothing
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What is angina pectoris and its cause?
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inadequate blood flow to heart muscle causes characteristic discomfort - angina pectoris - heart, left arm, shoulder…. Most commonly caused by CAD
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what does thyroxine do?
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increase metabolic rate, required for normal growth
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The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is somewhat protective due to:
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increased production of melanin that helps to block ultraviolet light
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ADH stimulates:
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increased reabsorption of water from filtrate
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what is the vessel that brings blood to the heart from the trunk and pelvic region?
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inferior vena cava
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What is the vessel that brings blood to the heart from the trunk and pelvic region?
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Inferior vena cava
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Which substance is essential for maintenance of a normal level of blood sugar
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Insulin
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The openings to the nostrils are the
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internal nares.
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The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is
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internal respiration
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Glycogen _____ blood sugar
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is stored
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why do we take vital signs?
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it enables us to obtain info about the pt that will help us identify problems relating to their health status, continued assessment enables us to determine progress, any changes in the condition, and the effectiveness of the nursing care plan in meeting the pts needs.
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what will happen to the circulating blood if the heart is unable to pump it effectively?
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it will become overloaded with carbon dioxide and not able to oxygenate tissues so they will die
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what will happen to the artery wall over time w/ continuous high BP?
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it will lose elasticcity and thicken, harden - artherosclerosis will happen - fatty plaques
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why is personal hygiene important?
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it's necessary to keep the body clean, to maintain healthy functioning, and to promote a positive body image
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The accumulation of bile pigment in the blood causes
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jaundice
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Urine is produced by the
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kidney.
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The digestive organ primarily responsible for the absorption of water is the
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Large intestine.
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The left and right pulmonary veins carry blood to the
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Left atrium
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which part has the thickest wall in the heart?
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left ventricle
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Which of these has the thickest wall in the heart?
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Left Ventricle
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insulin does?
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lower BGL - promtoes transport of glucose across plasma membranes, increasing glucose uptake by cells - remember, theyre the keys?
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Insulin ______ blood sugar
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lowers
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The left and right pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
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lungs
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The kidneys are aided in the excretion of fluids by the:
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lungs and skin
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The purpose of the valves in the heart is to
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Maintain the circuit of blood in one direction
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The medullary cavity of bones contains
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marrow.
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prolactin controls?
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milk production
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right sided symptoms of CCF?
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"most common cause is left side failure -– Dysnopea – shortness of breath – Swelling in ankles – Nocturia – Tachycardia/palpitations – Congestiong in liver kidneys - jugular vein distention, "
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What’s the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal:
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
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Death of myocardial tissue due to complete long term lack of blood to heart muscle is called
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Myocardial infarction
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Asthma is associated with
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narrowing of the respiratory passageways by spasms of the bronchioles.
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The auditory canal (Eustachian tube) is situated to exchange air between the:
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Nasopharynx and middle ear
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The functional unit of the renal system is the:
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nephron
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which 3 features does the heart require to maintain its action
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nutrients, electrical impulses, cardiac muscle
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Which alimentary segment has no digestive function
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Oesophagus
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The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the
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oropharynx.
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Mature bone cells are termed
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osteocytes.
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what happens in Hyperthyroidism?
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overactivity of thyroid gland with excessive hormone secretion
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Uterine contraction and milk ejection are promoted by
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Oxytocin
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what can you do to reduce the risk of pressure injuries?
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pads or mattresses to relieve pressure, regular cleaning and drying of the skin, frequent change in position, and good nutrition
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The rhythmic, wavelike propelling mechanism of the alimentary canal is called
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peristalsis.
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17. Membrane that covers and attaches organs of the abdominal cavity
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Peritoneum
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Sleep-wake cycles are regulated by the
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Pineal
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The two (2) layered membrane surrounding the lungs is the:
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Pleura
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pressure injuries risk factors:
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poor general health, malnutrition, age, obesity, diabetes, infection, bed-ridden
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name 4 types of extrinsic factors
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pressure, shearing forces and friction, loss of skin integrity - excessive washing or prolonged exposure to moisture
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what does aldosterone do?
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promotes salt and water retention and potassium excretion, REGULATES ELECTROLYTES
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functions of the integumentary system
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protection against infection, dehydration, regulation of body temp, collection of sensory information
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what are the only oxygenated veins?
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pulmonary veins to the heart
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if the left side of the heart fails blood will not be???
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Pumping oxygenated blood to your body
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Glucagon ______ blood sugar
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raises
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glucagon does?
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raises BGL - increases rate liver makes glucose and causes the liver to release stored glucose
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possible interventions for patient with fever
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reduce activity, encourage fluids, make sure they're not cooled to quickly so not to cause shivering, maintain oral hygiene, fan, damp cloth, remove excess clothing
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Endocrine cells
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release their secretions directly into body fluids.
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The outermost layer of kidney tissue is the
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renal cortex.
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The innermost layer of kidney tissue is the
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renal medulla.
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Substance produced by the kidney in response to low pressure is..
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Renin
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The heart beat is initiated by the electrical impulses from the
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SA node
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Another name for the pacemaker of the heart is
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SA node.
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what is a braden scale
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scale for assessing risk of pressure sores
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Acne is an infection of a
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sebaceous gland
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A pressure ulcer is...
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skin lesions that appear where the body rests on skin that covers bony projections - occur when pressure results in poor circulation and cellular death
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explain shearing forces and friction
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sliding down beds and chairs - when pressure is applied at an angle the layers of the skin move over one another causing distortion of the tissue
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what are the risk factors for IHD?
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smoking, diet, excessive alcohol, physical inactivity, obesity
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when wouldn't you use an oral thermometer?
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someone who has had chemo - dry mouth, patient is unable to close mouth, surgery or painful site, pt cant breathe through nose, children under 5, pt had hot or cold drinks in the last 20 minutes
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describe 4 stages of pressure injury
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stage one: skin is red and does not return to normal colour with relief of pressure, stage two: skin blisters peels or cracks, stage three: full thickness of skin is damaged involving subcutaneous tissue, stage four: deep ulcer, muscle or bone exposed and may be damaged
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16. Hydrochloric acid and pepsin are secreted by the
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Stomach
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What is the main function of the gallbladder?
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storage of bile
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The function of the urinary bladder is;
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Storage of urine
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Functions of the skeletal system include
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Storage, Support, Protection, blood cell production, allows movement
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factors affecting pulse?
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stress, exercise, age, body size, sudden increase of blood volume, posture, certain diseases, medication
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what results from too little GH secreted(when a child)?
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stunted growth
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The epidermis is _____ to the dermis
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superficial
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A fibrous joint that holds skull bones together is called a:
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suture.
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The left ventricle pumps blood to the
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Systemic circuit.
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where do pressure injuries usually occur?
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tail of spine, heel, elbow, hip
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On inspiration:
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The diaphragm contract and moves down, intercostals muscles contract and expand rib cage, pressure in lungs is less than atmospheric pressure, air moves in.
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What happens in CHF?
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The heart cannot pump out all of the blood it receives and blood accumulates in the ventricles. Increased volume stretches the muscle and increases their contraction strength to maintain cardiac output. Over time though, muscle becomes permanently stretched. In attempt to increase blood flow, nervous system increases HR and constriction of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure. blood backs up into lungs causing fluid retention, SOB, cough. Oedema of legs, liver too.
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which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood?
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the right side
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what are you assessing when taking someone's pulse?
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the strength, the regularity, bpm,
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which gland produces Thyroid hormone and calcitonin?
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the thyroid gland
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Urine is carried to the urinary bladder from the kidney by
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the ureters
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The heart lies in the
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thoracic cavity
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what's extrinsic factors mean?
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those derived from the individuals environment
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The __ gland plays a vital role in metabolism and regulates the body's metabolic processes
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thyroid
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The Adam’s apple is a common term for the
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Thyroid cartilage
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why do we take a patient pulse?
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to assess the effectiveness of the cardiovascular system in maintaining an adequate cardiac output
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Prolactin stimulates milk production.
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True
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Chemical messengers carried by the blood are called hormones
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True
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The part of the brain that regulates endocrine activity is the hypothalamus
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True
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Muscles in your skin are called arrector pili
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True
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Sebaceous glands secrete oil on the surface of the epithelium.
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True
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Skeletal muscles need nerve stimulation for contraction to occur.
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True
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The external sphincter of the bladder is under voluntary control.
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True
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What's included in an assessment of the skin?
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turgor, colors
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Urine leaves the bladder via the:
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urethra
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ADH inhibits?
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water loss
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when is renin produced?
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when blood pressure drops
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does blood circulate through the heart in two different directions? T/F
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FALSE
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As body temperature rises, your body signals the blood vessels to vasodilate
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TRUE
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Ligaments attach muscle to muscle
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TRUE
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Tendons attach muscle to bone
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TRUE
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