Nursing Fundamentals - Nutrition - Minerals/electrolytes Pt 1

Front 1

How are minerals divided into categories

Back 1

Mineral and trace

Front 2

Trace elements, also called ____ are required in what amount

Back 2

micronutrients

required by the body in amounts < 100mg/day

Front 3

What are the 7 major minerals

Back 3

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and sulfur

Front 4

what are the 10 trace elements

Back 4

iron, iodine, zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, cobalt, selenium, molybdenum and flouride

Front 5

Major minerals occur ___

Back 5

in larger amounts in the body

Front 6

What are electrolytes

Back 6

electrically charged minerals that cause physiological reactions that maintain homeostasis

Front 7

What are the most commonly monitored electrolytes

Back 7

sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium

Front 8

1 liter of fluid =

Back 8

1 kg

Front 9

What age group loses water more quickly do to a larger skin surface area

Back 9

Infants

Front 10

Why do males have more body water than females

Back 10

more muscle

Front 11

What is the most important nutrient

Back 11

water

Front 12

What percentage of the body is water in each age group

Back 12

Infants - 70-80%

Adults - 40-60%

Elderly - 50% or less

Front 13

Why is water referred to as
"fluid"in the body

Back 13

The presence of dissolved or suspended substances like electrolytes, minerals, hormones, proteins

Front 14

Explain intracellular fluid

Back 14

Fluid within body cells = 2/3 of total body water/fluid

Front 15

Explain extracellular fluid

Back 15

Fluid outside of body cells = 1/3 of total body water/fluid

Front 16

Intravascular =

Back 16

in blood and lymph vessels

Front 17

interstitial =

Back 17

fluid that surrounds the cells

Front 18

transcellular =

Back 18

cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, peritoneal, synovial, and biliary fluids

Front 19

Explain diffusion

Back 19

Passive movement. Moves from higher to lower concentration

Front 20

Explain osmosis

Back 20

movement of water across a membrane - moves from areas of lower concentration to higher concentration

Front 21

What is osmotic pressure caused by

Back 21

particles in the fluid

Front 22

Explain filtration

Back 22

movement based upon pressure gradients and forces

Capillaries

Kidney

Front 23

Explain active transport

Back 23

Energy is used to move substances against the concentration gradient (from areas of low concentration into areas of higher concentration)

Sodium potassium pump

Front 24

What factors effect fluid balance

Back 24

Osmolality

Thirst

Amount of insensible fluid loss

kidney function

ADH

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cycle

Atrial naturetic peptide

Front 25

What is the action of atrial naturetic peptide

Back 25

As the heart fills, the atria senses how far it stretches and ANP is released. AND decreases renin secretion which decreases aldosterone. Net effect = loss of fluid, returns body back to normal

Front 26

What is the thirst mechanism regulated by

Back 26

the hypothalamus

Front 27

What is the purpose of ADH

Back 27

helps body to not lose so much fluid. Released based on the osmalality of blood

Front 28

What hormones regulate fluid in the body

Back 28

ADH

ANP

Renin - angiotensin-aldosterone cycle

Front 29

How much does a healthy adult need for fluid intake in a day

Back 29

2500 ml a day (8-12 8 oz glasses)

Front 30

What is the normal output for a healthy adult

Back 30

1500 ml of urine output. Some fluid loss also occurs with bowel movements, perspiration and respiration

Front 31

What is a healthy output in an adult

Back 31

60 ml/hr

Front 32

Explain third spacing

Back 32

May not notice wt changes in pt. Fluid has moved into a 3rd space. Exp - edema, large afusion on knee. Fluid is still in body but not readily avail. to vascular system.

Front 33

Symptoms of fluid deficit

Back 33

Thirst, wt loss, dry mucous membranes and mouth, low BP, decreased turgor, decreased BP, confusion, weak and rapid pulse, orthostatic hypotension, decreased urine output, increased urine specific gravity

Front 34

What is considered an isotonic iv solution

Back 34

0.9%

Front 35

Risk factors for fluid volume deficit

Back 35

Excessive sweating, diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, nasogastric suction, anorexia, impaired swallowing, fever, active sports participation, increased age, confusion, burn pts, third spacing

Front 36

Risk factors for fluid volume excess

Back 36

high sodium intake. Fast IV rate ( >150 ml/hr) High sodium IV ( over 0.9%) CHF, Renal failure, cirrhosis of liver, cushings syndrome, increased fluid intake. Excuse use of alka seltzer

Front 37

Signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess

Back 37

weight gain, bounding pulse, increased BP, crackles, edema, ascites, distended neck veins, confusion, increased resp.rate

Front 38

What position should a person with excess fluid be positioned in

Back 38

Semi Fowlers or higher

Front 39

What is the normal lab valure for sodium

Back 39

136-145 meq/l

Front 40

What it the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid

Back 40

Sodium

Front 41

What is the fuction of sodium

Back 41

regulates and controls fluid/water balance. Helps maintain blood volume. Helps transmits nerve impulses, and helps with muscle contractions along with calcium

Front 42

What lab value would would diagnosis someone as hyponatremic

Back 42

levels less than 136 meq/l

Front 43

What are the causes of hypnonatremia

Back 43

use of diuretics, excessive oral intake of water, GI fluid loss from vomiting or diarrhea, excessive fluid replacement with D5W, head injury, addisons dz, SIADH, malignant tumors, ecstasy use, administration of tap water enemas

Front 44

Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia

Back 44

lethargy, headache, apprehension, restlessness and irritability, nausea and vomiting, seizures, coma, altered neuro status - confusion, muscles spasms or cramps. Low serum osmolality

Front 45

Treatment for hyponatremia

Back 45

encourage high sodium foods, iv fluids containing sodium, monitor neuro status, seizure precautions, monitor labs, monitor I&O, may be on limited fluid intake

Front 46

What lab value would diagnosis someone as hypernatremic

Back 46

>145 meq/l

Front 47

What are the causes of hypernatremia

Back 47

lack of intake of water, excessive sweating, burns, heat stroke, diabetes insipidus (lger urine output) use of salt tablets, dysphagia, osmotic diuretics, increased insensible water loss, diarrhea, excessive use of salt, hypertonic tube feedings or IV

Front 48

What are the signs and symptoms of hypernatremia

Back 48

thirst!!! Dry skin, dry sticky mucous membranes, tongue that is dry red or swollen, othostatic hypotension, fever, weakness, restlessness, confusion, agitation, coma and seizures, hallucinations, increased serum osmolality

Front 49

treatment for hypernatremia

Back 49

monitor neuro status, behavior and I&O. Seizure precautions, monitor vitals. Risk for falls, restrict sodium intake, encourage fluids. IV fluids that do not contain sodium