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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensory Reception
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The process of receiving data about the external or internal environment through the senses.
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Auditory
Olfactory Gustatory Tactile Stereognosis |
Hearing
Smell Taste Touch The sense that perceives the solidity of objects and their size, shape, and texture. |
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Kinesthesia
(Visceral) |
Awareness of positioning of body parts and body movement.
(Pertains to inner organs). |
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Proprioception
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The term used to describe the sense, usually at a subconscious level, of the movements and position of body and especially its limbs, independent of vision.
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Sensory Perception
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The conscious process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting data from the senses into meaningful information.
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Stimulus
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An agent, act, or other influence capable of initiating a response by the nervous system, must be present.
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Reticular activating system (RAS)
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Poorly defined network that extends from the hypothalamus to the medulla, mediates arousal.
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Sensoristasis
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A general drive state, which is the optimal arousal state of the RAS is a general drive state.
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Arousal
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Condition in which the cortical area of the brain receives and responds appropriately to stimuli.
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Adaptation
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Adjustment of living with other living things and environmental conditions.
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Sensory Deprivation
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Results when a person experiences decreased sensory input or input that is monotonous, unpatterned, or meaningless.
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Sensory Overload
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The condition that results when a person experiences so much sensory stimuli that the brain is unable to either respond meaningfully or ignore stimuli.
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Sensory Deficit
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Impaired or absent functioning in one or more senses.
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Health Literacy
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The ability to acquire and comprehend basic health concepts, such as nutrition, and apply them to one's own health decisions.
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Health
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The merging and balancing of the five physical and psychological dimensions of health: physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual.
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Nutrition
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The study of nutrients and the processes by which they are used by the body.
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Nutrients
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Substances in foods required by the body for energy, growth, maintenance, and repair.
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Health Promotion
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Consists of strategies used to increase the level of health of individuals, families, groups, and communities.
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Wellness
Lifestyle |
A lifestyle that enhances our level of health.
Pattern of behaviors. |
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Disease Prevention
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The recognition of a danger to health that could be reduced or alleviated through specific actions or changes in lifestyle behaviors.
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Dietary standards
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Provide a bridge between knowledge of essential nutrients and food consumption.
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
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The current set of nutrient standards, combines the classic concerns of deficiency diseases that were the original focus of nutrient recommendations with the contemporary interest of reducing the risk of chronic diet-related diseases such as coronary artery disease, cancer, and osteoporosis.
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Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
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The amount of nutrient needed to meet the basic requirements of half the individuals in a specific group that represents the needs of a population.
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Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
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The level of nutrient intake sufficient to meet the needs of almost all healthy individuals of a life-stage and gender group.
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Adequate Intake (AI)
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The approximate level of an average nutrient intake determined by observation of or experimentation with a particular group or population that appears to maintain good health.
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Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
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The level of nutrient intake that should not be exceeded to prevent adverse risks.
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Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)
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Daily percent energy intake values for the macronutrients of fat, carb., and protein.
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Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
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The DRI for dietary energy intake.
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Undernutrition
Overnutrition Malnutrition |
The consumption of not enough energy or nutrients based on DRI values.
Consumption of too many nutrients and too much energy compared with DRI levels. A condition resulting from an imbalanced nutrient and/or energy intake. |
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Nutrition Therapy
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The provision of nutrient, dietary, and nutrition education needs based on a comprehensive nutritional assessment to treat an illness, injury, or condition, is a multifaceted process requiring specialized training.
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Registered Dietician (RD)
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A professional trained in foods and the management of diets (dietetics) who is credentialed by the Commission on Dietetic Registration of the American Dietetic Association.
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Nutritionist
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A professional who has earned a master of science, doctorate of education, or doctorate of philosophy degree in foods and nutrition.
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Food Preferences
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Those foods we choose to eat when all foods are available at the same and in the same quantity.
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Food choice
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Concerns the specific foods that are convenient to choose when we are actually ready to eat; rarely are all our preferred foods available at the same time to satisfy our preferences.
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Food liking
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Considers which foods we really like to eat.
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Daily Values (DV)
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A system for food labeling composed of two sets of reference values: reference daily intakes (RDIs) and daily reference values.
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Intentional (direct) food additives
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Additives used for their functional properties in foods during processing, to improve food quality in some way.
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Incidental (indirect) food additives
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Those that contaminate or inadvertently become a part of a food at some time as it passes through the food system.
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Locus of control
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The perception of one's ability to control life events and experiences.
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Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Digestive System |
Alimentary canal, which creates an open tube that runs from the mouth to the anus.
Consists of a series of organs that prepare ingested nutrients for digestion and absorption and protect against consumed microorgansims and toxic substances. |
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Saliva
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Thin mucous-like fluid secretions of the three salivary glands of the mouth.
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Chemical digestion
Mechanical digestion |
Occurs through the action of saliva that not only moistens the foods we chew but also contains amylase, an enzyme that begins the digestive process of starches.
Depends on the teeth, Teeth rhythmically tear and pulverize food, and the tongue assist with chewing and mixing food. |
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Secretin
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A hormone used by the small intestine, causes the pancreas to send bicarbonate to the small intestine to reduce the acidic content of chyme.
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Gastroesophageal reflux (GER)
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Heartburn, caused by acid mixture of food burning the walls of the esophagus and causes pain.
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Hiatal Hernia
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Requires medical intervention, is the herniation of a portion of the stomach into the chest through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
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Carbs
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Are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Simple Carbs
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Sugar-form of organic compounded simple carbs.
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Monosaccharides
Disaccharides Polysaccharides |
Composed of a single carb unit. Ex. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose.
Consist of two single carbs bound together. Ex. Sucrose, Maltose, and lactose. Consist of many units of monosaccharides joined together. |
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Glycogen
Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis |
Is carb energy stored in the liver and in muscles.
The process converting glucose to glycogen. Glycogen stored in the liver and muscle tissue is converted back to glucose. The process of producing glucose from fat. |
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Ketone Bodies
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(Used for energy) Created when fatty acids are broken down for energy when sufficient carbs are unavailable.
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Insulin
Glucagon |
A hormone produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen through glycogenesis or to fat stored in adipose tissue.
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Somatostatin
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Secreted from Hypothalamus and pancreas, inhibits the functions of insulin and glucagon.
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Glycemic Index
Glycemic Load |
The ranking of foods based on the level to which a food raises blood glucose levels compared with a reference food such a 50-g glucose load or white bread containing 50g carbs.
Considers the total glycemic index effect of a mixed meal or dietary plan. |
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Sugar alcohols
Alternative sweetners |
Sugar replacers, nutritive sweetners with lower calories.
Nonnutritive |
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Sexuality
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The degree to which a person exhibits and experiences maleness or femaleness physically, emotionally, and mentally.
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Sexual Health
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The integration of the somatic, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of sexual being, in ways that are positively enriching and that enhance personality, communication, and love.
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Biologic Sex
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The term used to denote chromosomal sexual development: male (XY) or female (XX), external and internal genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, and hormonal states.
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Gender Identity
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The inner sense a person has of being male or female, which may be the same or different form his or her gender.
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Gender Role Behavior
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The behavior a person conveys about being male or female, which again, may or may not be the same as biologic gender or gender identity.
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Sexual Orientation
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The preferred gender of the partner of an individual.
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Heterosexual
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One who experiences sexual fulfillment with a person of the opposite gender.
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Homosexual
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One who experiences sexual fulfillment with a person of the same gender.
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Gay
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What a homosexual male is considered.
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Lesbian
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What a homosexual female is considered.
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Bisexual
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A person who finds pleasure with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. (Homosexual or Heterosexual people may have bisexual relationships at times).
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Transexual
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A person of a certain of a certain biologic gender who has the feelings of the opposite sex.
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Transvestite
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An individual who desires to take on the role or wear the clothes of the opposite sex.
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Menstruation (A period or menses)
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A cycle during which the body prepares for the presence of a fertilized ovum.
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Menarche
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The first menstrual period.
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Menopause
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The cessation of a woman's menstrual activity, occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 years.
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Premenstrual (tension) syndrome (PMS)
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Menstrual cycle-related distress.
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Erogenous Zones
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Areas that when stimulated cause sexual arousal and desire.
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Orgasm
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The climax and sexual explosion of the tension that has been building over the preceding phases.
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Masturbation
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A technique of sexual expression in which an individual practices self-stimulation.
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Intercourse (Coitus or Copulation)
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The insertion of the penis into the partner's vagina, anus, or mouth.
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Abstinence
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Not having sex.
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Complete Abstinence
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Avoiding all types of intimate genital contact, including anal and oral.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
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Infections that are spread primarily through sexual contact.
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Sexual dysfunction
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A problem that prevents an individual or couple from engaging in or enjoying sexual intercourse and orgasm.
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Impotence (Erectile dysfunction)
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The inability of a man to attain or maintain an erection to such an extent that he cannot have satisfactory intercourse.
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Contraception
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A process or technique for preventing pregnancy by means of a medication, device, or method that blocks or alters one or more of the processes of reproduction in such a way that sexual union can occur without impregnation.
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What are the Barrier Methods of contraception?
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Diaphragm, Condom, Cervical Cap, Spermicides, Vaginal Sponge
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What are the Hormonal Methods of contraception?
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Oral contraceptives, Norplant system, Implanon, Depo-Provera, Transdermal Contraceptive Patch, Vaginal Ring
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Sexual Harassment
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Unwelcome behavior that is sexual to gender-based in nature.
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Quid pro quo harassment
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When an individual's employment or well-being is dependent on agreeing to unsolicited and unwelcome sexual demands.
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Hostile environment harassment
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Occurs when behaviors of a sexual or gender-based nature create a hostile, intimidating environment and when this type of environment hurts an individual's work performance, classroom place, for example, the negative behaviors in hostile environment harassment are not directly linked to job-related consequences; instead, the employee's willingness to suffer the experience of the demeaning environment becomes necessarily caused by a person with formal power.
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Sleep
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The state of rest accompanied by altered consciousness and relative inactivity.
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Rest
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A condition in which the body is in a decreased state of activity, with the consequent feeling of being refreshed.
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Circadian Rhythm
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A biological clock-like rhythmic cycle every 24 hours. Regulates certain biologic and behavioral functions in humans. (Fluctuations in a person's heart rate, BP, body temp., hormone secretions, metabolism, and performance and mood depend in part on circadian rhythm).
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What are the 2 major types of sleep?
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Non-Rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
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Delta sleep
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Slow-wave sleep.
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Sleep cycle
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Passage through 4 stages of NREM sleep, (I, II, III, IV), then reentering stage I and awakening, entering REM sleep and returning to stage II.
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Melatonin
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A natural chemical produced at night that decreases wakefulness and promotes sleep.
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Dyssomnias
Parasomnias Insomnia |
Sleep disorders characterized by insomnia or excessive sleepiness.
Patterns of waking behavior that appear during sleep. Characterized by difficulty falling asleep, intermittent sleep, or early awakening from sleep. |
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Sleep hygeine
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Nonpharmacologic recommendations that help an individual get a better night's sleep. ex. restricting caffeine intake, nicotine, and alcohol, especially late in the day, avoiding activities after 5pm that are stimulating, avoiding naps, etc.
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Hypersomnia
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A condition characterized by excessive sleep, particularly during the day. Some causes may be: Another sleep disorder, such as sleep apnea, drug/alcohol abuse, head trauma or other injury to CNS, etc.
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Narcolepsy
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A condition characterized by an uncontrollable desire to sleep. Many fall asleep standing up, driving, or swimming.
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Sleep Apnea
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A condition in which a person experiences the absence of breathing (apnea) or diminished breathing efforts (hypopnea) during sleep between snoring intervals.
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Restless leg syndrome (RLS)
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A condition in which patients are unable to lie still and report experiencing unpleasant creeping, tingling, or crawling sensations in the legs.
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Sleep deprivation
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A decrease in the amount, consistency, or quality of sleep.
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What are Parasomnias?
What are some examples? Somnambulism Enuresis |
Patterns of waking behavior that appear during REM or NREM stages of sleep.
Sleepwalking. Urinating during sleep. |
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Nocturnal myoclonus
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Involves marked muscle contractions that result in the jerking of one or both legs during sleep. (Observed in 10-20% of chronic insomniacs).
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